PSYCH 1000 Intro to Psychology (Already Graded A) -TESTBANK.

PSYCH 1000 Intro to Psychology -TESTBANK. Psychology can be considered a collection of many related fields of study. What is one of the features that all of these fields have in common? a. The use of the scientific method b. The study of mental illness c. The belief that the unconscious mind determines human behaviour d. The use of introspection Answer: a Page Reference: 3 Objective: Module 1.1 1) are general principles or explanations, whereas are specific predictions. a. Theories; hypotheses b. Hypotheses; theories c. Theories; observations d. Observations; theories Answer: a Page Reference: 3–4 Objective: Module 1.1 2) The biopsychosocial model assumes that a. behaviour can only be fully explained by combining multiple perspectives. b. biological factors are more important than social factors in determining behaviour. c. all living organisms form social groups based on their physical and psychological needs. d. the simplest explanation for behaviour is usually the best. Answer: a Page Reference: 5 Objective: Module 1.1 3) Which of the following is true about the concept of scientific literacy? a. Only trained scientists are considered scientifically literate. b. Scientific literacy is the ability to answer basic science questions without looking up their answers. c. Scientific literacy is the ability understand, analyze, and apply scientific information. d. Knowledge of scientific terminology is the most important part of scientific literacy. Answer: c Page Reference: 6–7 Objective: Module 1.1 4) is the belief that knowledge comes through observation and experience. a. Determinism b. Parsimony c. Skepticism d. Empiricism Answer: d Page Reference: 12 Objective: Module 1.2 5) Psychology has been considered a science since a. around 470 BCE. b. the early 1600s. c. the late 1800s. d. the mid-1900s. Answer: c Page Reference: 12–13 Objective: Module 1.2 6) How did physiologists and physicists, like Gustav Fechner, contribute to the development of psychology as a science? a. They studied the relationship between the physical world and the mental representation of that world. b. They demonstrated that the brain was responsible for consciousness. c. They identified the physical properties and locations of specific functions within the brain. d. They extended Darwin's theory of evolution to behaviour and cognitive abilities. Answer: a Page Reference: 13 Objective: Module 1.2 7) The belief that the unconscious mind has an influence on a person's behaviour is part of which early approach to psychology? a. Structuralism b. Functionalism c. Psychoanalysis d. Behaviourism Answer: c Page Reference: 16 Objective: Module 1.2 8) The investigation into the influence of environment and genetics on behaviour and mental processes is often referred to as the study of a. the nature and nurture relationship. b. eugenics. c. Psychology. d. Anthropology. Answer: a Page Reference: 17 Objective: Module 1.2 9) Why was the perspective followed by Wilhelm Wundt and his followers called structuralism? a. They wanted to identify the major brain structures. b. Their primary goal was to understand the physiology of the mind and its interaction with the physical world. c. They focused their efforts on analyzing the elements of the nervous system. d. Their primary focus was on describing the basic components of conscious experience. Answer: d Page Reference: 18 Objective: Module 1.2 10) Which school of psychology questioned whether psychologists should study the mind, which was thought to be unobservable? a. Psychoanalysis b. Behaviourism c. Gestalt psychology d. Humanism Answer: b Page Reference: 19 Objective: Module 1.2 11) You attend a lecture by a psychologist who uses terms such as free will and life's meaning. Which psychological perspective is most consistent with the points the psychologist presented? a. Behaviourism b. Humanistic psychology c. Functionalism d. Psychodynamics Answer: b Page Reference: 21 Objective: Module 1.2 12) The primary focus of social psychologists is a. exploring the influence of others on an individual's behaviour. b. investigating the nature and nurture relationship. c. explaining how people, like Hitler, grow up. d. studying how different personality characteristics can influence how we think and act. Answer: a Page Reference: 23–24 Objective: Module 1.2 13) Dr. Fernwood is a research psychologist. The main focus of her research is the use of psychological knowledge to find ways to reduce bullying in schools. Dr. Fernwood's research could be described as psychology. a. basic b. forensic c. applied d. industrial/organizational Answer: c Page Reference: 27 Objective: Module 1.2 14) Dr. D'Arcy's research focuses on the relationship between activity in specific regions of the brain and decision-making. It is likely that Dr. D'Arcy is in the field of . a. biopsychology b. cognitive psychology c. industrial/organizational psychology d. cognitive neuroscience Answer: d Page Reference: 25–26 Objective: Module 1.2 1) 01-3-01 In order to be scientific, a hypothesis must be testable . 2) 01-3-02 For psychologists, critical thinking means that we apply scientific methods carefully, examine our assumptions and biases, and tolerate ambiguity when the evidence is inconclusive. 3) 01-3-03 The principle of parsimony holds that, when dealing with competing theories, the simplest one should be chosen. 4) 01-3-04 Empiricism is the pursuit of knowledge through careful observation rather than speculation. 5) 01-3-05 Clinical psychology is the field of psychology that concentrates on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. 6) 01-3-06 Developed by Freud, psychoanalysis was an approach that attempted to explain the relationship between behaviour and the unconscious. 7) 01-3-07 Wundt's primary research method was training volunteers to use introspection to describe their experiences. 8) 01-3-08 Although Ivan Pavlov is usually credited with its discovery, professor Edwin Twitmyer was one of the first people to study classical conditioning . 9) 01-3-09 Cognitive neuroscientists combine cognitive psychology and biopsychology to investigate the structure and functions of the brain. 10) 01-3-10 Industrial psychologists apply psychological concepts specifically to the work environment. 1) According to the textbook, the discipline of psychology is best defined as a. a collection of self-help principles used to treat psychological disorders. b. a combination of hypotheses and personal intuition about human behaviour and mental processes. c. a process for encouraging individuals to reach their ultimate potential. d. the scientific study of behaviour, thought, and experience. Answer: d Page Reference: 3 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of the scientific method. 2) Which of the following statements regarding the over-arching goals of psychology is FALSE? a. Psychology involves researching the role of brain structures on human behaviour. b. Psychology is centred around curing all psychological disorders. c. The field of psychology focuses on understanding the effects of genetics and environment on behaviour. d. Psychology focuses on understanding how many different factors contribute to the development of psychological disorders. Answer: b Page Reference: 3 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology of the scientific method. 3) What process is used across all areas of psychology? a. the scientific method b. the curation of opinions c. the belief that the unconscious mind determines human behaviour d. the science of persuasion Answer: a Page Reference: 3 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology of the scientific method. 4) A scientist is best described as a. an individual who conducts experiments. b. an individual who dissects specimens or combines chemicals to answer questions about the world. c. an individual who studies in the fields of biology, chemistry, physics, or geology. d. an individual who arrives at conclusions based on a careful system of observing, predicting, and testing. Answer: d Page Reference: 3 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology of the scientific method. 5) Caroline is interested in determining how black-capped chickadees find the caches of seeds they stored several months earlier. She watches the chickadees in a park and notices that they tend to hide their food in trees near landmarks, such as sculptures or benches. She predicts that moving these landmarks after the chickadees have stored their food will prevent them from finding it later, and designs an experiment to test her prediction. Caroline's approach is an example of a. pseudoscience. b. the scientific method. c. theory development. d. the biopsychological model. Answer: b Page Reference: 3–4 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand the steps of the scientific method. 6) Collecting observations, testing predictions about how to best explain the observations, and developing theories are all part of a. the scientific method. b. pseudoscience. c. the biopsychosocial model. d. the psychoanalytic model. Answer: a Page Reference: 3–4 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand the steps of the scientific method. 7) "Children who watch violent cartoons will become more aggressive compared to those who do not watch violent cartoons." This statement is most likely a(n) a. theory. b. untestable statement. c. hypothesis. d. pseudoscience. Answer: c Page Reference: 3–4 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology of the scientific method. 8) As part of the scientific method, scientists form testable predictions that can be observed and measured. These are called a. theories. b. proofs. c. hypotheses. d. models. Answer: c Page Reference: 3–4 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the steps of the scientific method. 9) A sound hypothesis must be a. testable. b. agreed upon by the majority of experts in the field. c. proven to be fact. d. stated in very general terms. Answer: a Page Reference: 3–4 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand the steps of the scientific method. 10) Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. A hypothesis is an explanation for a broad range of observations. b. A theory is a testable prediction about a process. c. Hypotheses must be highly specific in order to be proven as correct or incorrect. d. A theory is built upon observations and a number of tested hypotheses. Answer: d Page Reference: 3–4 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand the steps of the scientific method. 11) Randi is a practitioner of crystal healing: the use of different crystals to treat medical disorders ranging from headaches to cancer. Crystal healers like Randi use scientific terminology (e.g., energy, vibrations, etc.) when explaining the technique to patients, but do not use the scientific method to develop or test their claims. Crystal healing can be best categorized as a(n) a. theory. b. pseudoscience. c. hypothesis. d. non-science. Answer: b Page Reference: 4 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology of the scientific method. 12) The term pseudoscience refers to a. the study of psychology and related phenomena through collecting observations, developing theories to explain them, and using the theories to make predictions. b. hypotheses that have been rejected through careful observation and testing. c. claims and ideas that are presented as science but do not use the basics of the scientific method to support their claims. d. theories that have not yet been proven. Answer: c Page Reference: 4 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of the scientific method. 13) Astrology is considered a pseudoscience because a. its claims cannot be scientifically tested. b. its claims are presented as science but have not been demonstrated using the scientific method c. astrology can be proven by using appropriate scientific methods. d. it is only a theory and not a scientific fact. Answer: b Page Reference: 4 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology of the scientific method. 14) In science, a theory can be defined as a. a testable prediction about processes that can be observed and measured. b. an explanation for a broad range of observations that generates new hypotheses. c. a personal opinion or belief about a specific topic. d. an idea that is presented as science but does not utilize basic principles of the scientific method. Answer: b Page Reference: 4 Skill: Factual Objective: Analyze the use of the term scientific theory. 15) are general principles or explanations, whereas are specific predictions. a. Theories; hypotheses b. Hypotheses; theories c. Theories; observations d. Hypotheses; observations Answer: a Page Reference: 3–4 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the steps of the scientific method. 16) What property do hypotheses and theories have in common? a. They are both capable of proving a fact as true. b. They both integrate numerous findings and observations. c. They are both specific, testable predictions about processes. d. They are both falsifiable. Answer: d Page Reference: 4 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand the steps of the scientific method. 17) When a psychologist uses the term scientific theory, he or she is referring to something that a. has been proven to be true through repeated falsifications. b. explains a wide range of observations. c. is a specific, testable prediction. d. is an educated guess. Answer: b Page Reference: 4 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Analyze the use of the term scientific theory. 18) Which of the following is TRUE about scientific theories? a. All theories are equally plausible provided that there is a consensus among many people who believe it to be true. b. The quality of a theory cannot be measured by the number of people who believe it to be true. c. Theories are the same thing as opinions or beliefs. d. A theory is only valid if it has been proven to be true. Answer: b Page Reference: 4 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Analyze the use of the term scientific theory. 19) Lidia gives a talk at a psychology conference in which she presents her new theory about the causes of autism. At one point, an audience member interrupts and says, "But that's just your theory." What is the problem with this statement? a. A theory is not the same thing as an opinion or belief. b. If Lidia is presenting the theory at a psychology conference it must be true. c. If most of the psychologists in the audience agree with Lidia, then the theory is likely to be true. d. The audience member should have used the term hypothesis, not theory. Answer: a Page Reference: 4 Skill: Applied Objective: Analyze the use of the term scientific theory. 20) Dr. Preston is a psychologist who studies depression. She understands that the development of depression is complicated and includes many factors in her research, such as genetics, brain chemistry, cultural influences, and the influence of friends and family. Dr. Preston's understanding of depression is an example of a. the sociocultural perspective. b. the biopyschosocial model. c. a pseudoscientific theory. d. the biological perspective. Answer: b Page Reference: 5 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply the biopsychosocial model to behaviour. 21) Two researchers are interested in understanding student success in university. Dr. Baker focuses on the influence of genes and brain anatomy of students, while Dr. Rodrigues focuses on the cultural background and interpersonal relationships of students. Dr. Baker is researching student success from a perspective while Dr. Rodrigues is approaching it from a perspective. a. biological; psychological b. psychological; sociocultural c. sociocultural; psychological d. biological; sociocultural Answer: d Page Reference: 5 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply the biopsychosocial model to behaviour. 22) The biopsychosocial model assumes that a. behaviour can often only be fully explained by combining multiple perspectives. b. although many factors influence behaviour, biological factors have a larger influence than both psychological and sociocultural factors. c. as humans evolved, influence on behaviour shifted from biological factors to more sociocultural factors. d. the simplest explanation for behaviour is usually correct. Answer: a Page Reference: 5 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Apply the biopsychosocial model to behaviour. 23) Which of the following is TRUE about the concept of scientific literacy? a. Only trained scientists are considered scientifically literate. b. Scientific literacy is the ability to answer basic science questions without looking up the answers. c. A person who can understand, analyze, and apply scientific information is demonstrating scientific literacy. d. Knowledge of scientific terminology is the primary component of scientific literacy. Answer: c Page Reference: 6–7 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand the concept of scientific literacy. 24) The ability to understand, analyze, and apply scientific information is called a. the scientific method. b. scientific literacy. c. skepticism. d. generalization. Answer: b Page Reference: 6 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the concept of scientific literacy. 25) Ms. Patel is a third-grade teacher. Several children in her class have been having trouble concentrating and sitting still, so she finds several articles from peer-reviewed scientific journals on hyperactivity and attention in young children. Although she is not a scientist, Ms. Patel is able to understand and use the information from the articles to redesign her classroom schedule to help improve attention. This example demonstrates Ms. Patel's a. intuition for children's behaviour. b. biopsychosocial perspective for understanding behaviour. c. scientific literacy. d. biases towards behaviour in children. Answer: c Page Reference: 6–7 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand the concept of scientific literacy. 26) Which of the following techniques could be described as massed learning? a. taking a full-day workshop on mental health first aid b. studying for your introduction to psychology exam by focusing on the same difficult topics every day for three weeks c. setting aside a couple of hours, three days a week, to learn a new language d. reading all four chapters of your textbook from beginning to end before going back to review them again Answer: a Page Reference: 7–8 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand the concept of scientific literacy. 27) A friend of yours has 30 Spanish vocabulary words to learn by tomorrow. Which of the following is the best way for her to use flashcards to study? a. Study each card only once. b. Divide the cards into five piles and then study each pile four times before moving on to the next pile. c. Go through the entire pile of 30 cards four times. d. Divide the cards into 10 piles and then study each pile four times before moving on to the next pile. Answer: c Page Reference: 7–8 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand the concept of scientific literacy. 28) Which of the following is the best conclusion to draw from the massed learning versus spacing experiment discussed in the textbook? a. Massing is better than spacing for all types of learning. b. Massing is better than spacing for studying vocabulary. c. Spacing is better than massing for all types of learning. d. Spacing is better than massing for studying vocabulary. Answer: d Page Reference: 7–8 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand the concept of scientific literacy. 29) Jose reads in an article from a psychology journal that people tend to remember the first and last few items in long lists of information, but have the most trouble remembering the items in the middle. He immediately starts thinking of how he can use this information to change the way he studies the long list of vocabulary terms for his upcoming exam. Which part of the scientific literacy model does this demonstrate? a. application of scientific information b. scientific explanation c. knowledge gathering d. critical thinking Answer: a Page Reference: 7–8 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand the concept of scientific literacy. 30) Caroline's best friend tells her that eating a chili pepper with each meal will increase her metabolism and help her burn more calories. "That sounds interesting," says Caroline, "but is there any scientific evidence to back up this claim?" Caroline's question illustrates what element of critical thinking? a. the principle of parsimony b. cynicism c. tolerating ambiguity d. skepticism Answer: d Page Reference: 8 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology of this module. 31) Being skeptical about a claim means a. questioning whether there is sound evidence to support it. b. realizing that most complex issues have complex answers. c. not believing the claim, no matter what. d. believing the claim unless evidence to the contrary is presented. Answer: a Page Reference: 8 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology of the scientific method. 32) As a critical thinker, what habit is most likely to keep you from basing your conclusions on poor research? a. examining assumptions and biases b. examining the nature and source of evidence c. tolerating ambiguity d. avoiding overly emotional thinking Answer: b Page Reference: 8 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Apply the steps in critical thinking. 33) For a class project, Mukisa read about the results of several studies investigating the causes of schizophrenia. Some of the studies indicated that schizophrenia is genetic, while others indicated that schizophrenia could be triggered by environmental factors. Eventually, Mukisa had to accept that schizophrenia is a complicated disease, and that there probably is not a clear-cut reason why some people develop it. This illustrates what critical thinking habit? a. examining assumptions and biases b. examining the nature and source of the evidence c. tolerating ambiguity d. considering alternatives Answer: c Page Reference: 8 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply the steps in critical thinking. 34) Which of the following is TRUE about critical thinking? a. If used properly, everyone who uses it will come to the same conclusion. b. It forces us to examine our own assumptions and biases c. It often requires being negative or arbitrarily critical of other people's ideas. d. It always guarantees a correct answer. Answer: b Page Reference: 8 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Apply the steps in critical thinking. 35) holds that, when dealing with competing theories, the simplest one should be chosen. a. Skepticism b. Ambiguity c. The principle of parsimony d. Critical thinking Answer: c Page Reference: 9 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the concept of scientific literacy. 36) Leonard is missing a sock. His sister suggests that a friend of his may have snuck into his room while he was sleeping and taken the sock as a practical joke; however, Leonard decides it is much more likely that the sock was simply lost when he last did the laundry. What element of critical thinking most likely influenced his decision? a. skepticism b. the principle of parsimony c. tolerance of ambiguity d. avoiding overly emotional thinking Answer: b Page Reference: 9 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply the steps in critical thinking. 37) According to the principle of parsimony, reports of alien abduction are unlikely to be true because a. there are several other explanations that are much simpler. b. aliens do not exist. c. eyewitness reports should never be believed. d. people who think they were abducted by aliens are clearly mentally unstable. Answer: a Page Reference: 9 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply the steps in critical thinking. 38) is the idea that knowledge is gained through observation and experience. a. Determinism b. Parsimony c. Skepticism d. Empiricism Answer: d Page Reference: 12 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 39) A research psychologist is interested in whether children who play violent video games display above average violent behaviour in real life. Which approach to this question could the psychologist take that would be consistent with the principles of empiricism? a. Use common sense and public opinion to determine if there is a connection. b. Ask children to speculate about whether they notice a connection between playing video games and their aggression. c. Carefully measure the type and amount of children's video game play and then observe their behaviour. d. Ask parents and teachers to provide general observations about the video games their children play and their behaviour. Answer: c Page Reference: 12 Skill: Applied Objective: Analyze how the philosophical ideas of empiricism and determinism are applied to human behaviour. 40) Which of the following questions represents an empirical question? a. Would Martin Luther King, Jr., have been a good American president? b. What is the meaning of life? c. Was the War of 1812 necessary? d. Is there life on other planets? Answer: d Page Reference: 12 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 41) Dr. Shapiro is a school psychologist who has noticed that a fifth-grade student has recently begun to misbehave and fall behind academically. He decides there must be a reason for the student's sudden problems and decides to try to figure out what it is. Dr. Shapiro's belief that the student's behaviour is the result of some unknown cause is an example of a. determinism. b. parsimony. c. skepticism. d. empiricism. Answer: a Page Reference: 12 Skill: Applied Objective: Analyze how the philosophical ideas of empiricism and determinism are applied to human behaviour. 42) According to the principle of , human behaviour is the result of internal and external influences. a. free will b. materialism c. determinism d. empiricism Answer: c Page Reference: 12 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Analyze how the philosophical ideas of empiricism and determinism are applied to human behaviour. 43) The belief that behaviour follows lawful, cause-and-effect relationships is known as a. free will. b. materialism. c. empiricism. d. determinism. Answer: d Page Reference: 12 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 44) The concept of free will—the idea that we are freely in charge of our own behaviour —is often in conflict with the concept of a. empiricism. b. determinism. c. parsimony. d. materialism. Answer: b Page Reference: 12 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Analyze how the philosophical ideas of empiricism and determinism are applied to human behaviour. 45) Psychological science is a. both empirical and deterministic. b. empirical but not deterministic. c. deterministic but not empirical. d. neither empirical nor deterministic. Answer: a Page Reference: 12 Skill: Factual Objective: Analyze how the philosophical ideas of empiricism and determinism are applied to human behaviour. 46) Psychology has been considered a science since a. around 470 BCE. b. the early 1600s. c. the late 1800s. d. the mid 1900s. Answer: c Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 47) One of the first people to connect personality to underlying physiology, Hippocrates proposed that four were responsible for influencing an individual's personality. a. temperaments b. humours c. biles d. brain areas Answer: b Page Reference: 12 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 48) In a given culture, certain periods of its history are dominated by a general set of beliefs and attitudes known as a. zeitgeist. b. empiricism. c. parsimony. d. determinism. Answer: a Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 49) According to the textbook, what is a key reason why psychology took almost 300 years longer than physics, biology, and chemistry to become scientific? a. Early scientific methodology was too primitive to use to study the mind. b. Laws were passed in the 1600s that made it illegal to study the mind. c. Few people were interested in the mind and behaviour prior to the 20th century. d. The zeitgeist of the 1600s prevented people from believing that science could be applied to the study of the mind. Answer: d Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 50) According to the textbook, scholars in the 1600s likely did not apply scientific methodology to the study of the mind and human behaviour because of what belief? a. They believed the scientific method did not work. b. They believed human behaviour was already well-understood. c. They believed humans were more than just physical machines and should not be studied using science. d. They believed it was a religious sin to try to study the nature of the mind and soul. Answer: c Page Reference: 13 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 51) The belief that the mind or soul is separate from the physical body is known as , whereas the belief that humans are completely physical beings is called . a. determinism; empiricism b. empiricism; determinism c. dualism; materialism d. materialism; dualism Answer: c Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 52) The philosopher and mathematician René Descartes famously believed that the mind was not made of physical matter and could exist outside of the body. Descartes' belief in the relationship between mind and body could be described as a. determinism. b. empiricism. c. materialism. d. dualism. Answer: d Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 53) How did physiologists and physicists, like Gustav Fechner, contribute to the development of psychology as a science? a. They studied the relationship between the physical world and mental representation of that world. b. They acknowledged that the mind and soul were separate from the body c. They mapped the brain and identified the locations of specific functions within the brain. d. They extended Darwin's theory of evolution to behaviour and cognitive abilities. Answer: a Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 54) Zoe is a participant in an experiment. She is told to watch a series of lights and to identify which one is the brightest. It is likely that Zoe is participating in a(n) experiment. a. psychophysics b. materialism c. temperament d. psychoanalysis Answer: a Page Reference: 13 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 55) Psychophysics is the study of a. how the mind controls the body. b. the relationship between the physical world and the mental representation of that world. c. the relationship between natural selection and behaviour. d. the localization of brain function. Answer: b Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 56) Which of the following is TRUE regarding Darwin's theory of evolution? a. It applies to physical characteristics, but not to behaviour. b. It applies to behaviour, but not to physical characteristics. c. Behaviour is shaped by evolution in a similar way to physical traits. d. It was discredited along with Francis Galton's concept of eugenics. Answer: c Page Reference: 13-15 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 57) How did Darwin suggest behaviour was influenced by natural selection? a. Our current behaviours are those that would have given our ancestors a better chance at survival. b. Behavioural traits are directly tied to physical traits, thus a change in a physical trait led to a change in behaviour. c. Individuals who were more sensitive to small changes in their environment were more likely to survive. d. Personality traits like kindness and empathy were more likely to be passed on than aggression and stubbornness. Answer: a Page Reference: 13–15 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 58) Suppose a small number of geese are born with a genetic mutation that makes them spend more time caring for their eggs. As a result, more chicks hatch from these eggs that then survive to reproduce themselves. According to the principle of natural selection, which of the following would be the likely result? a. Other genetic mutations would start occurring at a faster rate. b. The genetically inherited behaviour would become more common after many generations. c. The genetically inherited behaviour would become less common after many generations. d. The rate of genetic mutations would slow drastically. Answer: b Page Reference: 13–15 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 59) How would Charles Darwin likely explain maternal aggression when something or someone threatens a mother's children? a. Young girls learn to protect their children by observing their mothers. b. Maternal aggression is an inherited trait that is selected for because it contributes to the survival of the offspring. c. Mothers are rewarded by others in their social group for being protective of their children. d. Mothers learn to be protective of their children through trial and error. Answer: b Page Reference: 13–15 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 60) Localization of brain function influenced the field(s) of a. psychophysics. b. sociocultural psychology. c. medicine and personality psychology. d. biological and clinical psychology. Answer: d Page Reference: 15 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 61) Which two physicians developed phrenology? a. Gall and Spurzheim b. Broca and Wernicke c. Darwin and Fechner d. Galton and Wundt Answer: a Page Reference: 15 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 62) Which of the following is TRUE regarding phrenology? a. It is still used by forensic psychologists. b. It was an early application of brain localization research. c. It led to the advancement of psychophysics and clinical psychology. d. It was supported by rigorous scientific studies. Answer: b Page Reference: 15 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 63) Kelly notices a bump on the side of Roger's head and points it out to him. He replies, "That means I'm a passionate person!" Roger's statement is based on the theory of a. phrenology. b. eugenics. c. clinical psychology. d. psychophysics. Answer: a Page Reference: 15 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 64) Besides phrenology, what was another early approach used by physicians like Paul Broca, to understand the connection between the brain and behaviour? a. using electricity to stimulate different brain regions b. surgically removing brain regions c. studying the behaviour of patients who had experienced brain injuries d. studying the shape and size of the human skull Answer: c Page Reference: 16 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 65) Which two doctors were able to identify important language centres in the brain by studying their patients? a. Gall and Spurzheim b. Broca and Wernicke c. Fechner and Darwin d. Galton and Wundt Answer: b Page Reference: 16 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 66) Who developed a now discredited medical treatment using magnets, and contributed to the development of hypnosis? a. Galton b. Wernicke c. Mesmer d. Freud Answer: c Page Reference: 16 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 67) A patient's belief in a treatment working, and the treatment subsequently "curing" the patient's ailment (with no scientific support), is known as a. psychoanalysis. b. phrenology. c. psychophysics. d. psychosomatic medicine. Answer: d Page Reference: 16 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 68) The belief that the unconscious mind has an influence on an individual's behaviour is part of what early approach to psychology? a. structuralism b. functionalism c. psychoanalysis d. behaviourism Answer: c Page Reference: 16 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 69) What did Sigmund Freud consider as the key to understanding the psychosomatic conditions he observed? a. conscious experience b. brain physiology c. unconscious processes d. external consequences Answer: c Page Reference: 16 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 70) Which treatment approach did Sigmund Freud develop for treating his patients? a. hypnosis b. hysterical paralysis c. clinical psychology d. psychoanalysis Answer: d Page Reference: 16 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 71) Freud stressed the importance of the influence of on behaviour. a. early life experiences b. puberty c. brain localization d. metallic fluids Answer: a Page Reference: 16 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 72) Which of the following was NOT one of Freud's lasting contributions to modern psychology? a. the idea that hypnosis allows a psychologist to gain access into an individual's unconscious mind b. the idea that mental activity can occur outside of conscious thought c. the idea that physiological needs and urges related to survival can influence behaviour d. the idea that medical ideas can be used to treat disorders of emotions, thoughts, and behaviours Answer: a Page Reference: 16 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 73) The investigation into the influence of environment and genetics on behaviour and mental processes is often referred to as a. the nature and nurture relationship. b. eugenics. c. psychology. d. anthropology. Answer: a Page Reference: 17 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 74) Which of the following would be most difficult for Francis Galton to explain with his theories? a. Close family relatives often have similar traits. b. Sometimes children from very humble families become very successful. c. Successful parents often have successful children. d. In the United States, whites are, on average, more successful than non-whites. Answer: b Page Reference: 17 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 75) Which of the following is TRUE regarding the legacy of Francis Galton? a. Although his ideas have been discredited, his use of statistical methods to measure and study behaviour has had a lasting impact on scientific psychology. b. While many of his ideas are still considered valid, Galton failed to use scientific methodology. c. Both his ideas and methodology are still considered valid today. d. Although important in his time, Galton had almost no lasting impact on scientific psychology. Answer: a Page Reference: 17 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 76) Which individual is usually credited with establishing psychology as an independent field of study, separate from biology, medicine, or physiology. a. Sigmund Freud b. William James c. John Watson d. Wilhelm Wundt Answer: d Page Reference: 18 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 77) Wilhelm Wundt is best known for a. establishing the first laboratory dedicated to studying human behaviour. b. writing books on ethics and logic. c. establishing phrenology as a science and writing the first textbook for phrenology. d. training doctors to treat mental illness based on functionalism. Answer: a Page Reference: 18 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 78) Introspection is a method of a. investigating psychophysics through careful measurement. b. free-association based on unconscious processes. c. empirical investigation using introverted adults. d. drawing conclusions based on one's own perceptions and thoughts. Answer: d Page Reference: 18 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 79) Following in Wundt's footsteps, Titchener also used the technique of to develop a map of the structure of human consciousness. a. intervention b. introspection c. insight inventory d. induction Answer: b Page Reference: 18 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 80) At the close of the nineteenth century, Gerhard is excited to find that he has been accepted for training in the psychology laboratory of Wilhelm Wundt. It is likely that Gerhard will be trained to a. analyze how to break down sensations into their most basic elements. b. determine the function or purpose of a particular human behaviour. c. listen intently while individuals tell him of their childhood experiences. d. carefully feel the bumps on a person's head in order to determine their character traits. Answer: a Page Reference: 18 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 81) Why was the perspective followed by Wilhelm Wundt and his followers called structuralism? a. They wanted to identify the major brain structures involved with behaviour. b. Their primary goal was to understand the basic components of the human body. c. They focused their efforts on analyzing the basic elements of the nervous system. d. Their primary focus was to describe the basic elements of conscious experience. Answer: d Page Reference: 18 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 82) Which school of thought in psychology tried to identify the basic elements of sensations, images, and feelings? a. structuralism b. phrenology c. functionalism d. psychoanalysis Answer: a Page Reference: 18 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 83) While participating in a study, Shyanne is asked to describe all the different components of taste when she bites into an orange. It is likely that the researchers conducting the experiment are using the approach of to understand conscious experience. a. psychoanalysis b. functionalism c. behaviourism d. structuralism Answer: d Page Reference: 18 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 84) In America, Wilhelm Wundt's ideas were popularized by one of his students, , who gave Wundt's approach the name "structuralism." a. Sigmund Freud b. John Watson c. William James d. Edward Titchener Answer: d Page Reference: 18 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 85) What early American psychologist believed that mental experiences were created by combining a limited number of sensations? a. Sigmund Freud b. William James c. B. F. Skinner d. Edward Titchener Answer: d Page Reference: 18 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 86) Who was an early proponent of functionalism as a way to explain human behaviour? a. Ivan Pavlov b. William James c. Wilhelm Wundt d. Max Wertheimer Answer: b Page Reference: 18–19 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 87) suggests that behaviours and mental processes are results of the roles they play in our evolution. a. Behaviourism b. Cognitivism c. Functionalism d. Structuralism Answer: c Page Reference: 19 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 88) Which school of thought in psychology was heavily influenced by the evolutionary theories of Charles Darwin? a. cognitive psychology b. structuralism c. functionalism d. psychoanalysis Answer: c Page Reference: 19 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 89) Dena believes that the purpose of jealousy in men is to prevent their mates from becoming impregnated by other men. The reason why it is so common, she argues, is that it is a very adaptive behaviour from an evolutionary perspective. Dena's approach to jealousy is an example of a. structuralism. b. functionalism. c. empiricism. d. behaviourism. Answer: b Page Reference: 19 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 90) Suppose you were one of the early graduate students of the newly developed field of psychology. Your mentor is interested in discovering the answers to questions like, "Why is the ability to forget helpful?" and "How do emotions assist us in social situations?" Your mentor's approach is most consistent with the perspective. a. behaviourist b. functionalist c. psychoanalytic d. structuralist Answer: b Page Reference: 19 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 91) Twitmyer and Pavlov could both be considered , each focusing on the process of . a. behaviourists; conditioning. b. functionalists; salivation. c. structuralists; reflexes. d. cognitive psychologists; adaptive behaviour. Answer: a Page Reference: 19–20 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 92) Which school of psychology ignored mental processes as influences on behaviour? a. psychoanalysis b. behaviourism c. Gestalt psychology d. humanism Answer: b Page Reference: 19 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 93) What advice might John B. Watson have offered to psychologists of his time? a. "Focus on observable behaviour." b. "We are but a sum of our parts." c. "We cannot know others until we know ourselves." d. "Remember that what we accomplish is due to the composition of our genes." Answer: a Page Reference: 20 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 94) Suppose you were a graduate student studying for a Ph.D. in psychology in the 1920s. Your advisor was strongly influenced by John B. Watson. Which of the following might your advisor consider an acceptable choice for your research? a. a survey of daydreams in young adults b. an analysis of the acquisition of specific behaviours c. a comparison of sexual imagery in the dreams of men versus women d. an analysis of the thought processes students report while answering test items Answer: b Page Reference: 19-20 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 95) Which pair of founding contributors to psychology helped develop the field of behaviourism? a. Gestalt and Wundt b. Freud and Watson c. Watson and Pavlov d. Pavlov and Wundt Answer: c Page Reference: 19–20 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 96) B. F. Skinner is most associated with which perspective? a. behaviourism b. cognitivism c. functionalism d. psychoanalysis Answer: a Page Reference: 20–21 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 97) Humanism developed, in part, as a reaction against which two perspectives? a. the cognitive and learning perspectives b. the behaviourist and psychoanalytic perspectives c. the sociocultural and cognitive perspectives d. the biological and behaviourist perspectives Answer: b Page Reference: 21 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 98) You attend a lecture by a psychologist who uses terms such as free will and life's meaning. Which psychological perspective is most consistent with the points the psychologist presented? a. behaviourism b. humanism c. functionalism d. psychodynamics Answer: b Page Reference: 21 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 99) Early leaders in believed that people are generally motivated to grow as individuals and fulfill their potential. a. psychodynamics b. cognitive psychology c. functionalism d. humanistic psychology Answer: d Page Reference: 21 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 100) Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow were two major figures in the development of which psychological perspective? a. humanistic psychology b. functionalism c. cognitive psychology d. behaviourism Answer: a Page Reference: 21 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 101) Memory researchers like Herman Ebbinghaus and Frederick Bartlett contributed to the beginning of the perspective. a. humanistic b. psychoanalytic c. cognitive d. behaviourist Answer: c Page Reference: 22–23 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 102) The origins of the cognitive perspective can be traced back to a handful of European psychologists who were studying a. memory. b. behaviour. c. computers. d. language. Answer: a Page Reference: 22–23 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 103) Gestalt psychology served as a precursor for what is now known as a. psychoanalysis. b. cognitive psychology. c. behavioural psychology. d. social psychology. Answer: b Page Reference: 22–23 Skill: Factual Objective: Apply your knowledge to distinguish among the different specializations in psychology. 104) was in stark contrast to structuralism, suggesting that the whole is more important than the sum of individual parts. a. Introspection b. Functionalism c. Psychoanalysis d. Gestalt psychology Answer: d Page Reference: 22 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 105) Professor Ashmore approaches questions about human behaviour from a perspective that emphasizes how people reason, remember, and understand language. It is most likely that she accepts the perspective. a. biological b. behavioural c. cognitive d. sociocultural Answer: c Page Reference: 23 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 106) psychologists are generally interested in how the behaviour of an individual is influenced by other people. a. Social b. Gestalt c. Behavioural d. Humanistic Answer: a Page Reference: 23 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Apply your knowledge to distinguish among the different specializations in psychology. 107) The idea that humans behave differently when in the presence of others best describes the focus of a. social psychology. b. cognitive psychology. c. personality psychology. d. humanistic psychology. Answer: a Page Reference: 23 Skill: Factual Objective: Apply your knowledge to distinguish among the different specializations in psychology. 108) A central theme in social psychology is that a. human behaviour can be best understood by studying individuals in a controlled environment. b. behaviour is a function of both the individual and the environment they are in. c. social situations generally have the same effect on everyone. d. the most important influence on an individual's behaviour is the environment. Answer: b Page Reference: 23–24 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Apply your knowledge to distinguish among the different specializations in psychology. 109) Dr. Sandra Bem's research demonstrated that more men were in positions of power because a. men have a more favourable stress response than women, making them more stable leaders. b. of rampant sexism present in almost every aspect of society. c. women are too emotional, leading them to make poor choices. d. men are genetically more aggressive than women, and are more likely to seek out promotions and positions of power. Answer: b Page Reference: 25 Skill: Factual Objective: Apply your knowledge to distinguish among the different specializations in psychology. 110) Research in the field of the psychology of women focuses on a. man hating. b. equality, women's health, and female perspectives. c. the history of psychology. d. promoting females as the superior sex. Answer: b Page Reference: Module 25 Skill: Factual Objective: Apply your knowledge to distinguish among the different specializations in psychology. 111) Dr. Fernwood is interested in the differences in sensation and perception between individuals from remote tribes in Papua New Guinea and North Americans. Dr. Fernwood's research could be described as psychology. a. female b. cognitive neuroscience c. cross-cultural d. industrial/organizational Answer: c Page Reference: Module 25 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply your knowledge to distinguish among the different specializations in psychology. 112) In class, Professor Deacon describes her research investigating the differences in brain activity between children born in Canada and those that immigrated within the last 12 months. It is likely that Professor Deacon is a researcher in the field of psychology. a. cross-cultural b. humanistic c. personality d. applied Answer: a Page Reference: 25 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply your knowledge to distinguish among the different specializations in psychology. 113) Dr. Bardouille is a researcher in the field of . His primary focus is identifying the area of the brain that is involved with individual decision-making. a. cross-cultural psychology b. social neuroscience c. positive psychology d. cognitive neuroscience Answer: d Page Reference: 25 Skill: Factual Objective: Apply your knowledge to distinguish among the different specializations in psychology. 114) At a recent lecture, the speaker with a background in discussed self- acceptance and identifying the good in our lives. a. cognitive psychology b. psychology of women c. social psychology d. positive psychology Answer: d Page Reference: 26 Skill: Factual Objective: Apply your knowledge to distinguish among the different specializations in psychology. 115) Research that occurs in the "real world," such as in schools or the military, is often conducted with the intention of changing current practice, laws, and approaches. This type of psychology is known as psychology. a. humanistic b. applied c. positive d. clinical Answer: b Page Reference: 26–27 Skill: Factual Objective: Apply your knowledge to distinguish among the different specializations in psychology. 116) The application of psychological research and concepts to the workplace is known as a. industrial/organizational psychology. b. clinical psychology. c. humanistic psychology. d. social psychology. Answer: a Page Reference: Module 26–27 Skill: Factual Objective: Apply your knowledge to distinguish among the different specializations in psychology. 1) Psychologists use research techniques based on a. inductive reasoning. b. objective introspection. c. deductive reasoning. d. the scientific method. Answer: d Page Reference: 3 2) Dr. Siela claims that all humans have invisible souls that guide their behaviour. Which principle of a good scientific theory is most important to consider when evaluating this claim? a. replicability b. Occam's razor c. ruling out rival hypotheses d. falsifiability Answer: d Page Reference: 4 3) Which claim is falsifiable? a. Men are more physically aggressive than women. b. A weak superego is at the root of psychopathy. c. Bad things happen to bad people because of karma. d. Introspection is a valid approach to studying sensation. Answer: a Page Reference: 4 4) Proponents of speed-reading courses hold stubbornly to their beliefs, despite contradictory evidence. Which aspect of pseudoscience is being characterized? a. intolerance of ambiguity b. reliance on emotional evidence c. lack of self-correction d. absence of connectivity Answer: c Page Reference: 4 5) Structuralism emphasizes a. individual differences. b. the application of biological principles to the mind. c. the influence of subconscious urges on conscious behaviour. d. the basic units of experience and their combinations. Answer: d Page Reference: 18 6) Dr. Martian claims that aliens are real and have been performing mind experiments on humans for years. Which principle of critical thinking is most important to consider when evaluating this claim? a. being curious b. avoiding emotional reasoning c. examining the nature of the source of the evidence d. tolerating ambiguity Answer: c Page Reference: 8 7) Freud was the founder of a. existential psychology. b. behavioural psychology. c. psychoanalysis. d. behaviourism. Answer: c Page Reference: 16 8) Freud's theories differed radically from the views of his predecessors because of a. his extensive use of laboratory research to support his claims. b. the emphasis he placed on Eastern philosophies and culture. c. the emphasis he placed on unconscious processes. d. his emphasis on environmental learning as the source of most personality characteristics. Answer: c Page Reference: 16 9) Which aspect of the mind held the greatest fascination for Freud? a. the preconscious mind b. the conscious area c. suppressions d. the unconscious Answer: d Page Reference: 16 10) A therapist is interested in interpreting dreams and in having clients relate their thoughts without modifying them. This therapist is most likely to be a a. client-centred therapist. b. psychoanalyst. c. cognitive therapist. d. behaviour therapist. Answer: b Page Reference: 16 11) Psychoanalysis was a therapy technique designed by a. Fritz Perls. b. Sigmund Freud. c. Carl Rogers. d. Alfred Adler. Answer: b Page Reference: 16 12) Freud believed that many psychological problems were the result of a. feelings and emotions repressed during childhood. b. genetic factors. c. organic disturbances. d. the identity crises. Answer: a Page Reference: 16 13) Of the following, which type of therapist would be more interested in a client's past rather than their current situation? a. psychoanalytic b. rational-emotive c. behavioural d. Gestalt Answer: a Page Reference: 16 14) The belief that anxiety results from feelings and emotions repressed during childhood was proposed by a. Perls. b. Moniz. c. Pinel. d. Freud. Answer: d Page Reference: 16 15) Steve, a university student, is seeing a psychologist because of his intense fear of people. His counsellor feels that Steve's fear is a product of unresolved conflicts about his parents and his childhood experiences with them. Steve's therapist is most characteristic of which school of psychology? a. behaviourism b. psychoanalytic c. humanistic d. Gestalt Answer: b Page Reference: 16 16) The first psychology laboratory was founded by a. Wundt. b. James. c. Titchener. d. Watson. Answer: a Page Reference: 18 17) It is generally agreed that psychology was born in a. 1642. b. 1853. c. 1879. d. 1906. Answer: c Page Reference: 18 18) Titchener was a member of the school of thought. a. structuralist b. functionalist c. behaviourist d. reductionist Answer: a Page Reference: 18 19) As a science, psychology is approximately how old? a. 50 years b. 100+ years c. 150 years d. 2500 years, since the field dates back to the ancient Greeks Answer: b Page Reference: 18 20) Modern psychology is said to have begun when a. Greek philosophers began studying the differences between people. b. Wundt opened the first laboratory devoted to the scientific study of psychology. c. Freud developed psychoanalytic theory and therapy. d. it was discovered in the early 1900s that many illnesses have no medical basis. Answer: b Page Reference: 18 21) What word describes the method of investigation used by Wundt? a. structuralism b. psychoanalysis c. functionalism d. introspection Answer: d Page Reference: 18 22) Studying the elements of sensations, feelings, and images is most directly associated with which school of psychology? a. structuralism b. functionalism c. behaviourism d. humanism Answer: a Page Reference: 18 23) The primary method of investigation used by structuralists was a. natural observation. b. dream interpretation. c. introspection. d. experimentation. Answer: c Page Reference: 18 24) Psychology is said to have begun when a. medicine was seen to be ineffective in treating neurosis. b. Wilhelm Wundt started the first psychological laboratory. c. Sigmund Freud opened his private practice in Vienna. d. it was discovered in the early 1900s that many illnesses have no medical basis. Answer: b Page Reference: 18 25) Psychologists stopped relying on the method of introspection as their primary research tool because a. they wanted to study mental processes rather than observable behaviour. b. results were inconsistent across labs. c. laboratory research was replaced by field research. d. the technique did not provide useful information for therapists. Answer: b Page Reference: 18 26) The psychological school asks, "What are mental processes for?" rather than "What are mental processes?" . a. structuralist b. functionalist c. humanist d. Gestalt Answer: b Page Reference: 18–19 27) In the late 20th century, psychology a. expanded dramatically. b. stagnated. c. contracted slightly. d. contracted dramatically. Answer: a Page Reference: 19 28) A psychologist bases their theories completely on measuring observable behaviours. This psychologist is probably a a. humanist. b. behaviourist. c. structuralist. d. functionalist. Answer: b Page Reference: 19 29) emphasizes that humans are positively motivated and progress toward higher levels of functioning. a. Humanistic psychology b. Psychoanalytic theory c. Social learning theory d. Trait theory Answer: a Page Reference: 21 30) Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow were a. behaviourists. b. psychoanalysts. c. humanists. d. cognitivists. Answer: c Page Reference: 21 31) 31) potential. a. Maslow b. Skinner c. Adler d. Jung believed humans have a natural motivation to reach their highest Answer: a Page Reference: 21 32) Genuineness, empathy, unconditional positive regard, and self-growth are all associated with a. Gestalt b. humanistic c. cognitive d. behavioural Answer: b Page Reference: 21 therapy. 33) Which of the following approaches is based on the premise that people naturally strive to reach their potential and lead a fulfilling life? a. psychoanalytic b. behavioural c. humanistic d. biomedical Answer: c Page Reference: 21 34) In Gestalt psychology, the focus is on a. changing overt behaviour. b. becoming more aware of the self. c. resolving repressed conflicts. d. fulfilling personal potential. Answer: b Page Reference: 22–23 35) Cognitive psychologists are a subgroup of experimental psychologists who are concerned primarily with a. neurobiological events that underlie behaviour. b. the function of age on behaviour. c. mental events that intervene between stimuli and responses. d. how people are affected by social situations. Answer: c Page Reference: 23 36) Cognitive psychologists are concerned with the scientific study of a. reinforcement. b. alienation and apathy. c. mental processes. d. self-actualization. Answer: c Page Reference: 23 1) Psychology is best defined as the study of mental illness and abnormal behaviour. a. True b. False Answer: b Page Reference: 3 2) A hypothesis is a testable prediction about processes that can be observed and measured. a. True b. False Answer: a Page Reference: 3 3) A good hypothesis is one that is stated in the most general terms possible. a. True b. False Answer: b Page Reference: 4 4) The term "theory" is interchangeable with the terms "opinion" or "belief." a. True b. False Answer: