BIOS 195 Midterm QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

BIOS 195 Midterm (TCO1) The level of organization in which different multiple types of tissues join together is called the Answer: System Level (TCO1) The process by which unspecialized cells become specialized cells is called Answer: differentiation. (TCO1) In a negative feedback control system, the response of the effector to a stimulus Answer: reverses the original stimulus (TCO1) Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback system in the human body? Answer: Lactation (TCO1) Baroreceptors in the feedback system that control blood pressure sense changes in Answer: the force of blood as it presses against the walls of blood vessels. (TCO2) _____ is an example of an element. Answer: Carbon (TCO2) All atoms of an element have the same number of _____. Answer: protons (TCO2) Isotopes of an element have the same number of _____ and different numbers of _____. Answer: protons; neutrons (TCO2) The first electron shell of an atom can hold a maximum of _____ electron(s). Answer:2 (TCO2) The bond between oppositely charged ions is a(n) _____ bond. Answer: Ionic (TCO3) Endocytosis is an example of Answer: active transport. (TCO3) Which of the following is necessary for simple diffusion to take place? Answer: A concentration gradient (TCO3) Chromatin is found in the Answer: Nucleus (TCO3) Which of the following organelles are commonly referred to as the powerhouses of a cell? Answer: Mitochondria (TCO3) The human somatic cells contain _____ chromosomes. Answer: 46 (TCO3) The protein synthesis process called translation requires Answer: ribosomes. (TCO4) Which of the following is NOT an enzyme used to digest carbohydrates? Answer: Enterokinase (TCO4) Which of the following organs is NOT an accessory structure of the digestive system? Answer: Spleen (TCO4) The projection hanging from the posterior surface of the soft palate that helps prevent food and fluid from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing is the Answer: Uvula (TCO4) Teeth are primarily composed of a bonelike substance called Answer: dentin. (TCO4) The major events of chemical digestion and absorption of foods occur in the Answer: small intestine. (TCO4) The digestion of proteins into peptides starts in the Answer: stomach. (TCO4) Which of the following structures has millions of fingerlike projections called villi lining the inner mucosal lining? Answer: Small intestine (TCO4) A vitamin produced by symbiotic bacteria in our large intestine is vitamin _____. Answer: K (TCO4) Chemical reactions in which simple substances are combined into more complex substances, usually with the addition of energy, are collectively called Answer: anabolism. (TCO4) Which of the following is NOT a common product of the Krebs cycle? Answer: Lactic acid (TCO4) Glycogen breakdown occurs when Answer: both blood levels of glucose drop and glucagon is released. (TCO4) Excess carbohydrates in the diet are converted into Answer: triglycerides. (fats) (TCO5) Which of the following types of tissues is often ciliated? Answer: Columnar epithelium (TCO5) Cartilage is classified as a(n) Answer: connective tissue. (TCO5) Which type of muscle is branched and fastened to adjacent muscle cells with intercalated discs? Answer: Cardiac (TCO5) Which of the following types of tissue contains neuroglia cells? Answer: Nervous tissue (TCO5) Blood is classified as a(n) Answer: liquid connective tissue. (TCO6) All of the following are normal functions of the skin except Answer: vitamin B synthesis. (TCO6) The only layer of the epidermis that contains stem cells capable of continued cell division is the Answer: stratum basale (TCO6) Exocrine glands that secrete oil directly onto hair follicles are called Answer: sebaceous glands. (TCO6) The cuticle of the nail consists of Answer: stratum corneum. (TCO6) A burn that penetrates the entire epidermis and some of the dermis is a Answer: second-degree burn. (TCO5) Which of the following are NOT long bones? Answer: Bones of the ribcage (TCO5) The shaft of a long bone is called the Answer: diaphysis. (TCO5) Osteogenic cells Answer: develop into osteoblasts. (TCO5) The adult human skeleton typically consists of Answer: 206 bones. (TCO5) The anatomical term for shinbone is Answer: tibia. (TCO2) Which of the following is a common second messenger used in signaling pathways active by water-soluble hormones? Answer: cAMP (TCO2) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin are secreted from the Answer: posterior pituitary gland. (TCO2) Calcitonin is a hormone released by the parafollicular cells of the Answer: thyroid gland. (TCO2) Which of the following hormones is or are responsible for the fight-or-flight response? Answer: Both epinephrine and norepinephrine (TCO2) The cells in the pancreatic islets that secrete insulin are called Answer: beta cells. (TCO2) Cushing's syndrome is due to hypersecretion of Answer: glucocorticoids. (TCO2) Which of the following pituitary hormones controls adrenal cortex activities? Answer: ACTH