NUR 257 Final Exam Study Guide
Nursing Theories:
A Theory- refers to a speculative statement involving some element of reality
that has not been proved. The goal of a theory is to describe and explain a
nursing action to make a hypothesis. Ex: such as improved health or recovery
from illness.
A Model- hypothetical representation of something that exists in reality. The
purpose of a model is to explain a complex reality in a systematic and
organized manner. Ex: hospital organizational chart to be able to see the
relationships between hospital admins. (conceptual model)
- Roy Adaptation Model:
o Client: Human being- a dynamic system with input and output
o Health: A continuum with the ability to adapt successfully to
illness
o Environment: Both internal and external stimuli that affect
behavior.
o Nursing: Multistep process that helps client adapt and reach the
highest level of functioning.
- Orem Self-Care Model:
o Client: Human being- biological, psychological, social being with
the ability for self-care.
o Health: Able to live life to the fullest through self-care
o Environment: The medium through which the client moves.
o Nursing: Assistance in self-care activities to help the client
achieve health.
- King Model of Goal Attainment:
o Client: Person- exchanges energy and information with the
environment to meet needs.
o Health: Dynamic process to achieve the highest level of
functioning.
o Environment: Personal, interpersonal, and social systems and the
external physical world.
, o Nursing: Dynamic process that identifies and meets the client’s
health-care needs.
- Watson Model of Human Caring:
o Client: Individual- has needs, grows, and develops to reach a state
of inner harmony.
o Health: Dynamic state of growth and development leading to full
potential as a human being.
o Environment: The client must overcome certain factors to achieve
health.
o Nursing: Science of caring that helps clients reach their greatest
potential.
- Johnson Behavioral System Model:
o Client: Person- a behavioral system; an organized, integrated
whole composed of seven subsystems.
o Health: A behavioral system able to achieve a balanced, steady
state.
o Environment: All the internal and external elements that affect
client behavior.
o Nursing: Activities that manipulate the environment and help
clients achieve the balanced state of health.
- Neuman Health-Care Systems Model:
o Client: An open system that constantly interacts with internal and
external environments.
o Health: An individual with relatedly stable internal functioning of
a high state of wellness (stability).
o Environment: Internal and external stressors that produce change
in the client.
o Nursing: Identifies boundary disruption and helps clients in
activities to restore stability.
Orem Self Care: What is self-care? What are the two levels of self-care?
What is wholly compensated care? What is partially compensated care?
What is supportive developmental care?
- Orem Self Care: (CHEN)
, - What is self-care?
o Dorothea E. Orem's model of nursing is based on the belief that
health care is each individual's own responsibility. The aim of this
model is to help clients direct and carry out activities that maintain
or improve their health.
- What are the two levels of self-care?
o In the Orem model, self-care is a two-part concept. The first type
of self-care is called universal self-care and includes those
elements commonly found in everyday life that support and
encourage normal human growth, development, and functioning.
Individuals who are healthy, according to the Orem model, carry
out the activities listed in order to maintain a state of health. To
some degree, all of these elements are necessary activities in
maintaining health through self-care. The second type of self-care
comes into play when the individual is unable to conduct one or
more of the six self-care activities. This second type of self-care is
called health deviation self-care. Health deviation self-care
includes those activities carried out by individuals who have
diseases, injuries, physiological or psychological stress, or other
health-care concerns. Activities such as seeking health care at an
emergency department or clinic, entering a drug rehabilitation unit,
joining a health club or weight-control program, or going to a
physician's office fall into this category.
- What is wholly compensated care?
o A person who is able to carry out few or no self-care activities falls
into the wholly compensated nursing care category.
- What is partially compensated care?
o Clients in the partially compensated category of nursing care can
meet some to most of their self-care needs but still have certain
self-care deficits that require nursing intervention.
- What is supportive developmental care?
o Clients who are able to meet all of their basic self-care needs
require very few or no nursing interventions.
Neuman Health-Care Systems Model: What are the three levels of
interventions as described by this theory? Primary, secondary, tertiary.
Nursing Theories:
A Theory- refers to a speculative statement involving some element of reality
that has not been proved. The goal of a theory is to describe and explain a
nursing action to make a hypothesis. Ex: such as improved health or recovery
from illness.
A Model- hypothetical representation of something that exists in reality. The
purpose of a model is to explain a complex reality in a systematic and
organized manner. Ex: hospital organizational chart to be able to see the
relationships between hospital admins. (conceptual model)
- Roy Adaptation Model:
o Client: Human being- a dynamic system with input and output
o Health: A continuum with the ability to adapt successfully to
illness
o Environment: Both internal and external stimuli that affect
behavior.
o Nursing: Multistep process that helps client adapt and reach the
highest level of functioning.
- Orem Self-Care Model:
o Client: Human being- biological, psychological, social being with
the ability for self-care.
o Health: Able to live life to the fullest through self-care
o Environment: The medium through which the client moves.
o Nursing: Assistance in self-care activities to help the client
achieve health.
- King Model of Goal Attainment:
o Client: Person- exchanges energy and information with the
environment to meet needs.
o Health: Dynamic process to achieve the highest level of
functioning.
o Environment: Personal, interpersonal, and social systems and the
external physical world.
, o Nursing: Dynamic process that identifies and meets the client’s
health-care needs.
- Watson Model of Human Caring:
o Client: Individual- has needs, grows, and develops to reach a state
of inner harmony.
o Health: Dynamic state of growth and development leading to full
potential as a human being.
o Environment: The client must overcome certain factors to achieve
health.
o Nursing: Science of caring that helps clients reach their greatest
potential.
- Johnson Behavioral System Model:
o Client: Person- a behavioral system; an organized, integrated
whole composed of seven subsystems.
o Health: A behavioral system able to achieve a balanced, steady
state.
o Environment: All the internal and external elements that affect
client behavior.
o Nursing: Activities that manipulate the environment and help
clients achieve the balanced state of health.
- Neuman Health-Care Systems Model:
o Client: An open system that constantly interacts with internal and
external environments.
o Health: An individual with relatedly stable internal functioning of
a high state of wellness (stability).
o Environment: Internal and external stressors that produce change
in the client.
o Nursing: Identifies boundary disruption and helps clients in
activities to restore stability.
Orem Self Care: What is self-care? What are the two levels of self-care?
What is wholly compensated care? What is partially compensated care?
What is supportive developmental care?
- Orem Self Care: (CHEN)
, - What is self-care?
o Dorothea E. Orem's model of nursing is based on the belief that
health care is each individual's own responsibility. The aim of this
model is to help clients direct and carry out activities that maintain
or improve their health.
- What are the two levels of self-care?
o In the Orem model, self-care is a two-part concept. The first type
of self-care is called universal self-care and includes those
elements commonly found in everyday life that support and
encourage normal human growth, development, and functioning.
Individuals who are healthy, according to the Orem model, carry
out the activities listed in order to maintain a state of health. To
some degree, all of these elements are necessary activities in
maintaining health through self-care. The second type of self-care
comes into play when the individual is unable to conduct one or
more of the six self-care activities. This second type of self-care is
called health deviation self-care. Health deviation self-care
includes those activities carried out by individuals who have
diseases, injuries, physiological or psychological stress, or other
health-care concerns. Activities such as seeking health care at an
emergency department or clinic, entering a drug rehabilitation unit,
joining a health club or weight-control program, or going to a
physician's office fall into this category.
- What is wholly compensated care?
o A person who is able to carry out few or no self-care activities falls
into the wholly compensated nursing care category.
- What is partially compensated care?
o Clients in the partially compensated category of nursing care can
meet some to most of their self-care needs but still have certain
self-care deficits that require nursing intervention.
- What is supportive developmental care?
o Clients who are able to meet all of their basic self-care needs
require very few or no nursing interventions.
Neuman Health-Care Systems Model: What are the three levels of
interventions as described by this theory? Primary, secondary, tertiary.
