FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE (NURSING 2)
Module 1
Dysphagia:
Who is at risk?
Aging. Due to natural aging and normal wear and tear on the esophagus and a
greater risk of certain conditions, such as stroke or Parkinson's disease, older
adults are at higher risk of swallowing difficulties. But, dysphagia isn't
considered a normal sign of aging.
Certain health conditions. People with certain neurological or nervous
system disorders are more likely to experience difficulty swallowing.
What are some nursing interventions that we should do for our clients?
Appendicitis:
What are the signs and symptoms?
▪ RLQ Pain @ Mc Burney’s Point
▪ Rostvig’s Sign: Rebound tenderness (when you press and then release,
pain gets worse)
▪ Low grade fever & Nausea
, What are the signs/symptoms of perforation? Peritonitis
What are the nursing interventions?
1. Bowel sounds will be absent
2. Clear liquid diet until bowel sounds return
3. Move/ambulate your patient!
4. Provide: stool softeners, increase fiber, increase liquids, Metamucil
Ulcerative colitis
What are signs and symptoms?
Chronic inflammatory disorder that affects the mucosal and submucosal
layer for the colon and rectum.
o Signs/Sx:
▪ Bloody Diarrhea
▪ LLQ Pain
▪ Weight loss, weakness, hypotension, tachycardia, fatigue (from
anemia), dehydration (from excessive diarrhea)
What are the nursing priorities?
Crohns
Dietary advice?
a low-fiber with low-residue diet can help lessen abdominal pain, cramping,
and diarrhea. Avoid fatty, greasy, or fried foods. Fatty foods can make
symptoms worse, especially if you have inflammation in your small
intestine. Limit dairy products. Some people with Crohn's disease have
problems digesting lactose, the sugar found in milk and other dairy products
What do tarry stools tell us? What should we do about it?
The most common condition causing black stools is a bleeding ulcer. Black stools
caused by blood indicate a problem in the upper digestive tract. Blood in the stool
can be detected through a stool test. Black stool along with pain, vomiting, or
diarrhea is cause to see a doctor right away.
, UTI:
S/s?
▪ Urinary urgency, hesitancy, frequency, fever, foul smelling urine,
cloudy urine, dysuria, LOW fever
▪ Confusion = #1 symptom in elderly
▪ Children = poor eating, fever that doesn’t go away
Interventions?
▪ Pyridium (provides comfort from burning symptoms. Turns urine
orange)
▪ Antibiotics (Ex: Bactrim, Cipro, Keflex, Augmentin, Macrobid)
Education?
▪ Urinate before and after sex
▪ Wipe front to back
▪ Avoid becoming dehydrated/drink plenty of fluids
▪ Don’t hold your urine; void when you feel the need
▪ Cranberry juice/pills can help
Lab values
BUN: 7 to 20 mg/dL
Creatinine: 0.6 to 1.2 milligrams (mg) per deciliter (dL) in adult males and
0.5 to 1.1 milligrams per deciliter in adult females
What happens to these levels with chronic kidney disease? They go up
What do we want to avoid giving these patients? High sodium diet
Incontinence
Types?
▪ Stress: due to increased intra-abdominal pressure (sneezing, laughing,
coughing, exercise, lifting heavy things). Common in younger & middle age
women.
▪ Urge: Precipitous loss of urine preceeded by a strong urge to void
(found in people with DM, CVA’s, Alzheimer’s)
▪ Overflow: loss of urine because of urinary retention,
obstructive/neuropathic lesion (when the bladder is full and urine leaks from
it)
▪ Functional incontinence: people that cant get to the toilet in time
(arthritis, bed bound, hooked up to IVs/tubing, etc)
Stress vs urge: See above
Education do we provide our patients?
▪ Kegel exercises (strengthens the pelvic floor), bladder retraining
exercises, timed voiding
Module 1
Dysphagia:
Who is at risk?
Aging. Due to natural aging and normal wear and tear on the esophagus and a
greater risk of certain conditions, such as stroke or Parkinson's disease, older
adults are at higher risk of swallowing difficulties. But, dysphagia isn't
considered a normal sign of aging.
Certain health conditions. People with certain neurological or nervous
system disorders are more likely to experience difficulty swallowing.
What are some nursing interventions that we should do for our clients?
Appendicitis:
What are the signs and symptoms?
▪ RLQ Pain @ Mc Burney’s Point
▪ Rostvig’s Sign: Rebound tenderness (when you press and then release,
pain gets worse)
▪ Low grade fever & Nausea
, What are the signs/symptoms of perforation? Peritonitis
What are the nursing interventions?
1. Bowel sounds will be absent
2. Clear liquid diet until bowel sounds return
3. Move/ambulate your patient!
4. Provide: stool softeners, increase fiber, increase liquids, Metamucil
Ulcerative colitis
What are signs and symptoms?
Chronic inflammatory disorder that affects the mucosal and submucosal
layer for the colon and rectum.
o Signs/Sx:
▪ Bloody Diarrhea
▪ LLQ Pain
▪ Weight loss, weakness, hypotension, tachycardia, fatigue (from
anemia), dehydration (from excessive diarrhea)
What are the nursing priorities?
Crohns
Dietary advice?
a low-fiber with low-residue diet can help lessen abdominal pain, cramping,
and diarrhea. Avoid fatty, greasy, or fried foods. Fatty foods can make
symptoms worse, especially if you have inflammation in your small
intestine. Limit dairy products. Some people with Crohn's disease have
problems digesting lactose, the sugar found in milk and other dairy products
What do tarry stools tell us? What should we do about it?
The most common condition causing black stools is a bleeding ulcer. Black stools
caused by blood indicate a problem in the upper digestive tract. Blood in the stool
can be detected through a stool test. Black stool along with pain, vomiting, or
diarrhea is cause to see a doctor right away.
, UTI:
S/s?
▪ Urinary urgency, hesitancy, frequency, fever, foul smelling urine,
cloudy urine, dysuria, LOW fever
▪ Confusion = #1 symptom in elderly
▪ Children = poor eating, fever that doesn’t go away
Interventions?
▪ Pyridium (provides comfort from burning symptoms. Turns urine
orange)
▪ Antibiotics (Ex: Bactrim, Cipro, Keflex, Augmentin, Macrobid)
Education?
▪ Urinate before and after sex
▪ Wipe front to back
▪ Avoid becoming dehydrated/drink plenty of fluids
▪ Don’t hold your urine; void when you feel the need
▪ Cranberry juice/pills can help
Lab values
BUN: 7 to 20 mg/dL
Creatinine: 0.6 to 1.2 milligrams (mg) per deciliter (dL) in adult males and
0.5 to 1.1 milligrams per deciliter in adult females
What happens to these levels with chronic kidney disease? They go up
What do we want to avoid giving these patients? High sodium diet
Incontinence
Types?
▪ Stress: due to increased intra-abdominal pressure (sneezing, laughing,
coughing, exercise, lifting heavy things). Common in younger & middle age
women.
▪ Urge: Precipitous loss of urine preceeded by a strong urge to void
(found in people with DM, CVA’s, Alzheimer’s)
▪ Overflow: loss of urine because of urinary retention,
obstructive/neuropathic lesion (when the bladder is full and urine leaks from
it)
▪ Functional incontinence: people that cant get to the toilet in time
(arthritis, bed bound, hooked up to IVs/tubing, etc)
Stress vs urge: See above
Education do we provide our patients?
▪ Kegel exercises (strengthens the pelvic floor), bladder retraining
exercises, timed voiding
