Part 1: General Pharmacology
1. Object and branches of pharmacology. Connection with other sciences. Historical review.
Drug resources.
and
2. Drug- de nition, origin, nomenclature. drug form and drug product- de nition. drug prep.
De nition: A drug is a chemical substance producing a biological e ect on the body.
Branches:
- clinical pharmacology
- pharmacogenetics: deals with the in uence of genetic variation on drug response
- epigenetics: studies changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype caused by other mechanisms
- system pharmacology
- pharmacotherapeutics
- toxicology
Uses:
treatment of diseases
alleviate symptoms
prophylaxis
prevention
diagnosis ( contrast enhancement)
Parts of pharmacology:
Pharmacokinetics: absorption -> distribution -> metabolism -> excretion (= what the body does to the drug)
Pharmacodynamics: mechanism of action and biological e ects (= what the drug does to the body)
Drugs generally can bind to di erent parts in the human body:
1) receptors on cell membranes:
For example Beta- blockers
2) enzymes:
For example Aspirin
3) carrier protein:
For example Omeprazol
OTC- drugs:
A drug, which can be purchased without a prescription. ( e.g. paracetamol)
Prescription drugs:
They have a restricted time period and they have a greater potential for adverse e ects.
They also need a prescription.
Nomenclature:
1) Generic name/ nonproprietary name: all over the world name
2) Chemical name: e.g. acetylsalicylic acid
3) Trade name: e.g. Aspirin
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, Drug resources:
Leaves Drug
digitalis purpurea Digoxin
digitalis lanata
Ginko biloba Flavonoids
Artemisia annua Artemisin
Flowers Drug
Vinca Rosea Vincristine
Papaver somniferum ( opium opium poppy) Morphine
Opium
Seeds Drug
Ricinus communis Caster oil
Roots
Beladonna roots Atropine
Valeriana o cinalis Valerian
Rauwol a serpentina Reserpine
Stem Drug
Hypericum perforatum Hypericin
Hyperforin
chondrodendron tomentosum Tubocurarine
Bark Drug
Cinchona Rubrum Quinine
Salix alba salicylic acid
Groups of plant drugs:
1) Alkaloids
2) Glycosides
3) Fixed oils
4) Volatile oils
5) Trammins
6) Flavonoids
7) Resins
Natural drug derivatives:
Animals
- thyroxine: thyroid gland
- heparin: gut of pig
- insulin: pancreas of pig
fi ffi
, - omea-3-fatty acids: sh
Microorganism
- penicillin: penicillium nota
- streptomycin
- gentamycin
- vancomycin: streptococcus orientalis
Minerals
- Calcium
- Mg
- Aluminium salts
- liquid para n
Types of drugs:
1) Natural drugs ( siehe oben)
2) semi- synthetic drugs
- chemical modi cation of natural products e.g. ampicillin
3) Synthetic drugs:
- done by chemical synthesis
- sulfonameids
- uorogvinolones
- salicylates
- barbiturates
- benzodiazepine
- paracetamol
- isoniazid
4) Biosynthetic drugs
- cloning of human DA into bacteria
- insulin
- GH
- Interferons
- tissue plasminogen activator
- erythropoietin
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, 3. Stages and phases in the development of new drugs.
Pharmacopeia: o cial document for drugs including resources, properties, doses, purity and potency
Development
Development includes animal experiments and preclinical studies.
Animal experiments can be done in vivo or in vitro, cells or organs.
Preclinical studies consist of 4 steps:
1. step:
- human
- small groups( 20-100)
- 6-9 months
- observation and documentation
2. step:
- 100-200
- e.g. su ering from hypertension
- 6 months- 3 years
- also investigation of new drug compared with placebo
3. Step:
- 1000-3000
- e ects and safety
- 1-4 yers
4. step:
- detect any rare or long- term adverse e ects
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1. Object and branches of pharmacology. Connection with other sciences. Historical review.
Drug resources.
and
2. Drug- de nition, origin, nomenclature. drug form and drug product- de nition. drug prep.
De nition: A drug is a chemical substance producing a biological e ect on the body.
Branches:
- clinical pharmacology
- pharmacogenetics: deals with the in uence of genetic variation on drug response
- epigenetics: studies changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype caused by other mechanisms
- system pharmacology
- pharmacotherapeutics
- toxicology
Uses:
treatment of diseases
alleviate symptoms
prophylaxis
prevention
diagnosis ( contrast enhancement)
Parts of pharmacology:
Pharmacokinetics: absorption -> distribution -> metabolism -> excretion (= what the body does to the drug)
Pharmacodynamics: mechanism of action and biological e ects (= what the drug does to the body)
Drugs generally can bind to di erent parts in the human body:
1) receptors on cell membranes:
For example Beta- blockers
2) enzymes:
For example Aspirin
3) carrier protein:
For example Omeprazol
OTC- drugs:
A drug, which can be purchased without a prescription. ( e.g. paracetamol)
Prescription drugs:
They have a restricted time period and they have a greater potential for adverse e ects.
They also need a prescription.
Nomenclature:
1) Generic name/ nonproprietary name: all over the world name
2) Chemical name: e.g. acetylsalicylic acid
3) Trade name: e.g. Aspirin
fi fi ff fl ff ff ff fi
, Drug resources:
Leaves Drug
digitalis purpurea Digoxin
digitalis lanata
Ginko biloba Flavonoids
Artemisia annua Artemisin
Flowers Drug
Vinca Rosea Vincristine
Papaver somniferum ( opium opium poppy) Morphine
Opium
Seeds Drug
Ricinus communis Caster oil
Roots
Beladonna roots Atropine
Valeriana o cinalis Valerian
Rauwol a serpentina Reserpine
Stem Drug
Hypericum perforatum Hypericin
Hyperforin
chondrodendron tomentosum Tubocurarine
Bark Drug
Cinchona Rubrum Quinine
Salix alba salicylic acid
Groups of plant drugs:
1) Alkaloids
2) Glycosides
3) Fixed oils
4) Volatile oils
5) Trammins
6) Flavonoids
7) Resins
Natural drug derivatives:
Animals
- thyroxine: thyroid gland
- heparin: gut of pig
- insulin: pancreas of pig
fi ffi
, - omea-3-fatty acids: sh
Microorganism
- penicillin: penicillium nota
- streptomycin
- gentamycin
- vancomycin: streptococcus orientalis
Minerals
- Calcium
- Mg
- Aluminium salts
- liquid para n
Types of drugs:
1) Natural drugs ( siehe oben)
2) semi- synthetic drugs
- chemical modi cation of natural products e.g. ampicillin
3) Synthetic drugs:
- done by chemical synthesis
- sulfonameids
- uorogvinolones
- salicylates
- barbiturates
- benzodiazepine
- paracetamol
- isoniazid
4) Biosynthetic drugs
- cloning of human DA into bacteria
- insulin
- GH
- Interferons
- tissue plasminogen activator
- erythropoietin
fl ffi fi fi
, 3. Stages and phases in the development of new drugs.
Pharmacopeia: o cial document for drugs including resources, properties, doses, purity and potency
Development
Development includes animal experiments and preclinical studies.
Animal experiments can be done in vivo or in vitro, cells or organs.
Preclinical studies consist of 4 steps:
1. step:
- human
- small groups( 20-100)
- 6-9 months
- observation and documentation
2. step:
- 100-200
- e.g. su ering from hypertension
- 6 months- 3 years
- also investigation of new drug compared with placebo
3. Step:
- 1000-3000
- e ects and safety
- 1-4 yers
4. step:
- detect any rare or long- term adverse e ects
ff
ff ffi ff
