Final exam review
Define evidence-based practice or (EBP)
Is the practice of nursing in which interventions are based on data from research that
demonstrates that they are appropriate and successful
Review difference between roles: position, job, occupation, profession, professional, and what is
professionalism
Position – a group of tasks assigned to one individual
Job – A group of positions similar in nature and level of skill that can be carried out by one or
more individuals
Occupation – A group of jobs similar in type of work that are usually found throughout an
industry or work environment
Profession – A type of occupation that requires prolonged preparation and formal qualifications
ad meets certain higher-level criteria
Professional – A person who belongs to and practices a profession
Professional – The demonstration of high-level personal, ethical, and skilled characteristics of a
member of a profession
Identify the traits that define a profession
High intellectual level
High level of individual responsibility and accountability
Specialized body of knowledge
Knowledge that can be learned in institutions of higher education
Public service and altruistic activites
Public services valued over financial gain
Relatively high degree of autonomy and independence of practice
Need for a well-organized and strong organization representing the members of the
profession and controlling the equality of practice
A code of ethics that guides the members of the profession in their practice
Strong professional identity and commitment to the development of the profession
Demonstration of professional competency and possession of legally recognized license
Review how nursing compares with other professions
High intellectual level – On a daily basis, nurses use assessment skill and knowledge, have the
ability to reason, and make routine judgment based on clients’ conditions.
High level of individual responsibility and accountability – Nurses are often the primary, and
frequently the only, defendants named when errors are made that result in injury to the client.
The concept of accountability has legal, ethical, and professional implications that include
accepting responsibility for actions taken to provide client care and for the consequences of
actions that are not performed.
Specialized body of knowledge – As more nurses obtain advanced degrees, conduct research,
and develop philosophies and theories about nursing, the body of knowledge increase in the
scope and quantity.
Evidence-based practice – a process that can be applied to changing policy and procedures or
developing training programs for facility staff. Research data should always be used when
initiating new practices or modifying old ones.
, Public service and altruistic activities – nursing has been viewed universally as an altruistic
profession composed of selfless individuals who place the lives and well-being of their clients
above their personal safety. Today, nurses are found in remote and ofter hostile areas, providing
care for the sick and dying, working 12-hour shifts, being on call, and working rotating shifts
Review how students should use recourses like websites, journals
Marker 1: Peer Review- a process that requires any manuscripts submitted to be reviewed by two
or three professionals who are considered experts, or at least knowledgeable, in the subject
matter.
Marker 2: Author Credentials- name of the author and his or her titles and credentials should be
listed. Be cautious if no author or publisher is listed.
Marker 3: Prejudice and Bias- there is almost always a small degree of prejudice and bias in all
written material, BUT most legitimate authors strive to be as objective as possible.
Marker 4: Timeliness- determine when the site was last updated and how extensively the
information was revised.
Marker 5: Presentation- you often tell a lot about a website by its presentation, if the graphics
seem to be just decorative, it should raise a red flag about the content of the site, and if you do
not have access to the program or article, move on to the next site.
Review Nurses’ Code of Ethics
Written by: Florence Nightingale The Codes of ethics are presented as general statements and
thus do not give specific answers to every possible ethical dilemma that might arise, offer
guidance
Do nurses have autonomy and independence of practice? Why or why not.
No, despite efforts to expand nursing practive into more independent areas through updated
nurse practice legislation, nursing retains much of its subservient image. Nurses in all health-care
settings must work closely with physicians, hospital administrators, pharmacists, and other
groups in the provision of care.
Determine the main method in which nurses can gain power in nursing (professional
organizations)
Professional Unity – there are approximately 2.7 million nurses in the United States, so it is not
difficult to imagine the power that ANA could have to influence legislators and lefistlation if all
those nurses were members of the organization rather than the 250,000who actually do belong,
nurses need to belong to their national nursing organization.
Impact on Christian era on health care?
Chapter 2
Compare healthcare of ancient civilizations to healthcare today. What have the focus, influences,
and interventions changed?
The major concern of early civilizations was the survival of the group, and because illness and
injury threatened this survival, many primitive health-care practices grew from processes of trial
and error. In today’s healthcare the definition of nursing is the protection, promotion, and
optimization of clients’ health and abilities, the prevention of disease and illness, and the
alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response to disease and
injury.
In ancient Eastern civilizations, starting from about 3500 BC, health care was intertwined with
religion. The Babylonian Empire, united in 2100 BC, health-care practices included special diets,
Define evidence-based practice or (EBP)
Is the practice of nursing in which interventions are based on data from research that
demonstrates that they are appropriate and successful
Review difference between roles: position, job, occupation, profession, professional, and what is
professionalism
Position – a group of tasks assigned to one individual
Job – A group of positions similar in nature and level of skill that can be carried out by one or
more individuals
Occupation – A group of jobs similar in type of work that are usually found throughout an
industry or work environment
Profession – A type of occupation that requires prolonged preparation and formal qualifications
ad meets certain higher-level criteria
Professional – A person who belongs to and practices a profession
Professional – The demonstration of high-level personal, ethical, and skilled characteristics of a
member of a profession
Identify the traits that define a profession
High intellectual level
High level of individual responsibility and accountability
Specialized body of knowledge
Knowledge that can be learned in institutions of higher education
Public service and altruistic activites
Public services valued over financial gain
Relatively high degree of autonomy and independence of practice
Need for a well-organized and strong organization representing the members of the
profession and controlling the equality of practice
A code of ethics that guides the members of the profession in their practice
Strong professional identity and commitment to the development of the profession
Demonstration of professional competency and possession of legally recognized license
Review how nursing compares with other professions
High intellectual level – On a daily basis, nurses use assessment skill and knowledge, have the
ability to reason, and make routine judgment based on clients’ conditions.
High level of individual responsibility and accountability – Nurses are often the primary, and
frequently the only, defendants named when errors are made that result in injury to the client.
The concept of accountability has legal, ethical, and professional implications that include
accepting responsibility for actions taken to provide client care and for the consequences of
actions that are not performed.
Specialized body of knowledge – As more nurses obtain advanced degrees, conduct research,
and develop philosophies and theories about nursing, the body of knowledge increase in the
scope and quantity.
Evidence-based practice – a process that can be applied to changing policy and procedures or
developing training programs for facility staff. Research data should always be used when
initiating new practices or modifying old ones.
, Public service and altruistic activities – nursing has been viewed universally as an altruistic
profession composed of selfless individuals who place the lives and well-being of their clients
above their personal safety. Today, nurses are found in remote and ofter hostile areas, providing
care for the sick and dying, working 12-hour shifts, being on call, and working rotating shifts
Review how students should use recourses like websites, journals
Marker 1: Peer Review- a process that requires any manuscripts submitted to be reviewed by two
or three professionals who are considered experts, or at least knowledgeable, in the subject
matter.
Marker 2: Author Credentials- name of the author and his or her titles and credentials should be
listed. Be cautious if no author or publisher is listed.
Marker 3: Prejudice and Bias- there is almost always a small degree of prejudice and bias in all
written material, BUT most legitimate authors strive to be as objective as possible.
Marker 4: Timeliness- determine when the site was last updated and how extensively the
information was revised.
Marker 5: Presentation- you often tell a lot about a website by its presentation, if the graphics
seem to be just decorative, it should raise a red flag about the content of the site, and if you do
not have access to the program or article, move on to the next site.
Review Nurses’ Code of Ethics
Written by: Florence Nightingale The Codes of ethics are presented as general statements and
thus do not give specific answers to every possible ethical dilemma that might arise, offer
guidance
Do nurses have autonomy and independence of practice? Why or why not.
No, despite efforts to expand nursing practive into more independent areas through updated
nurse practice legislation, nursing retains much of its subservient image. Nurses in all health-care
settings must work closely with physicians, hospital administrators, pharmacists, and other
groups in the provision of care.
Determine the main method in which nurses can gain power in nursing (professional
organizations)
Professional Unity – there are approximately 2.7 million nurses in the United States, so it is not
difficult to imagine the power that ANA could have to influence legislators and lefistlation if all
those nurses were members of the organization rather than the 250,000who actually do belong,
nurses need to belong to their national nursing organization.
Impact on Christian era on health care?
Chapter 2
Compare healthcare of ancient civilizations to healthcare today. What have the focus, influences,
and interventions changed?
The major concern of early civilizations was the survival of the group, and because illness and
injury threatened this survival, many primitive health-care practices grew from processes of trial
and error. In today’s healthcare the definition of nursing is the protection, promotion, and
optimization of clients’ health and abilities, the prevention of disease and illness, and the
alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response to disease and
injury.
In ancient Eastern civilizations, starting from about 3500 BC, health care was intertwined with
religion. The Babylonian Empire, united in 2100 BC, health-care practices included special diets,
