lOMoARcPSD|5079866
lOMoARcPSD|5079866
BIOL 235 EXAM 1 Notes
Human Anatomy and Physiology (Athabasca University)
CHAPTER 1: Anatomy & Physiology Defined
CHAPTER 2 — Chemical Level of Organization
CHAPTER 3 — Cellular Level of Organization
CHAPTER 4 — Tissue Level of Organization
CHAPTER 5 — Integumentary System
CHAPTER 6 — Skeletal System
CHAPTER 7 — AXIAL SKELETON
CHAPTER 8 — Appendicular Skeleton
CHAPTER 9 — Joints
CHAPTER 10 - Muscular Tissue
, lOMoARcPSD|5079866
CHAPTER 1: Anatomy & Physiology Defined
(O) D: Anatomy/Physiology & their Branches
Anatomy — Body Structures & their Relationships
Dissection — Cutting apart the Structures to STUDY their
Relationships Physiology — Science of body FUNCTIONS [HOW
it works]
Embryology — First 8-weeks Development after Fertilization
Cell Biology — Cellular Structures & Functions
Histology — Microscopic Structure of TISSUES
Gross Anatomy — Structures that can be Examined w/out
Microscope Systematic Anatomy — Structure of Body Systems
[NRVS SyS, EX]
Regional Anatomy — Study of Specific Regions [Head]
Surface Anatomy — Surface Markings on Body [Moles, skin
diseases]
Imaging Anatomy — Body Structures that can be Visualized via
MRI / X-Ray Pathological Anatomy — Structural Changes associated
w/ Disease Neurophysiology — Functional Property of Nerve Cells
Pathophysiology — Functional Changes associated w/ Disease + Aging
Checkpoint
1. What body function might a respiratory therapist strive to improve? What structures
are involved?
A)
LvL’s of Structural Organization & Body SyS
———————————————————————
(O) Describe: Body’s SIX LvL of Structural Organization
(O) List: 11 SyS of Human Body, their Organs, & Function
Six LvL’s
1. Chemical — Beginning, includes Atoms that Participate in RxN’s to make Molecules such
as DNA & Glucose
1. Cellular — Molecules Combine to form Cells = Functional Units of Organisms
1. Tissue — Group of Cells & Surrounding Materials that work Together to perform the same
function
A) Epithelial: Covers Body Surfaces, Lines Organs, & Forms Glands
B) Connective: Connects, Supports, & Protects Body Organs [Blood Vessels]
C) Muscular: Contracts to move Body Parts & Generate Heat
D) NRVS: Carries info around body via Nerve Impulses
1. Organ — > 2 Tissues join together to form Organs
1. SyS — Related Organs with a Common function [Digestive SyS, EX]
2. Organismal — Any living Individual
11 SyS of Human Body
1. Integumentary = Skin, hair, Fingernails, Sweat/Oil Glands
A) F’n: Protect & Regulate Body TemP as well as Somatosensation
1. Skeletal SyS = Bones + Joins + Cartilage
A) F’n: Support body Structures & Provide Area for Muscle Attachment
1. Muscular SyS = Skeletal Muscle
A) F’n: Body Movement
1. NRVS SyS = Spine + Nerves + Eyes + Ears
A) F’n: Generate Action-PoT to Regulate Body
, lOMoARcPSD|5079866
1. Endocrine SyS = Glands + Testes/Ovaries
A) F’n: Regulate body Activities via Hormones
1. Cardiovascular SyS = Heart + Blood + B-Vessels
A) F’n: Pump Blood throughout Body to Provide Nutrients & take Waste
1. Digestive SyS = Gastrointestinal Tract Organs + Mouth + Pharynx [Throat]
A) F’n: Physical & Chemical breakdown + Absorption of Food
1. Urinary SyS = Kidneys + Urethra + Urinary Bladder
A) F’n: Produce, Store, & Eliminate Urine
1. Reproductive SyS = SEVEN UP + Ovaries
A) F’n: Produce Gametes for Reproduction
1. Lymphatic SyS = Spleen + Thymus + Lymph Nodes + Tonsils
A) F’n: Filtrate Blood, Carry Lipid from S.I to Blood, & Immune F’n
1. Respiratory SyS = Lungs + Pharynx + Trachea [wind pipe]
A) F’n: O2 + CO2
Characteristics of Life
—————————————
(O) D: Important Processes
Basic Life Processes — Six Important Life Processes
1. Metabolism — Sum of ALL Chemical Processes in the Body [Cata/Ana-Bolism
2. Responsiveness — Detect & Respond to External & Internal Changes
3. Movement — Movement of Body or Tissues or Cells
4. Growth — ^nC in Body Size B/W Cells inside ^nC in Size
5. Differentiation — Development of a Cell from Unspecialized to Specialized
6. Reproduction — Formation of New Cells or Individual
Homeostasis
—————————
(O) Exp: How Homeostatic Imbalances are Related to Disorders
Homeostasis — Condition of Equilibrium in the Body’s Internal Enviro via Interactions of Regulatory
Processes
Homeostasis & Body Fluids — We exchange Fluid w/ Cells to Maintain ConC-Equilibrium as well as
for Protective Reasons [Lymph Nodes]
1. Intracellular Fluid [ICF] — Fluid w/in Cells
2. Extracellular Fluid [ECF] — Fluid Outside Cells
3. Interstitial Fluid — Fluid B/W Cells
4. Blood Plasma — Found in B-Vessels. Called Lymph if in Lymphatic-Vessels OR Cerebrospinal
Fluid OR Synovial Joints OR Aqueous Humor / Vitreous Body
CTRL of Homeostasis
1. Feedback SyS’s — Cycle of Events that can be Changed for Homeostasis such as ^nC’ing
Sweat when we Feel HOT or Shivering when we feel COLD
3 Components…
(1) Receptor: Monitors Change & Sends Input to CTRL Center = Afferent Pathway
(2) CTRL Center: Brain = Evaluates Input & Generates Output = Efferent Pathway
(3) Effector: Receives Output & Produces Response
1. NeG-Feedback SyS — Product Reverses a Pathway
A) B-Press too High = NAP is Released to Lower it = Reverse
1. PoS-Feedback SyS — Strengthens Response
A) Child Birth: Contractions = Stretch-Sensitive NRV Cells activate = Release Oxytocin =
causes Contractions to be Stronger
, lOMoARcPSD|5079866
Homeostatic Imbalances
1. Disorder — Abnormality of Structure or F’n
2. Disease — Specific Term for Illness that has Signs & Symptoms
3. Symptoms — Subjective Changes in Body that ~Observed [Headache]
4. Signs — Objective Changes that CAN be Observed [Rashes]
5. Diagnosis — Science of Distinguishing Disorders from each other
Basic Anatomical Terminology
—————————————————
(O) Des: Anatomical Position
(O) Relate: Anatomical Names to their Regions on Body
Body Positions — Standard Position of Reference = Anatomical Position = Stands Erect, eyes
forward, Lower Limbs are Parallel & Feet are flat on Floor directed FORWARD while Upper Limbs have
their Palms facing Forward
1. Prone — Lying face-DOWN
2. Supine — Lying face-UP
Regional Names — Head, Neck, Trunk, Upper Limbs, & Lower Limbs [PG 13 EXAM!!]
1. Head — Skull [Encloses Brain] + Face [Front Portion]
2. Neck — Supports Head & Attaches to Trunk
3. Trunk — Chest, Abdomen + Pelvis
4. U-Limbs — Attaches to Trunk = Arms
5. L-Limbs — Attaches to Trunk = Legs + Butt
Directional Terms — Words that Describe Position of Body in Relation to another
1. Superior/Cephalic/Cranial — Toward head
2. Inferior/Caudal — Away from Head
3. Anterior/Ventral — Toward Front
4. Posterior/Dorsal — Toward Back
5. Medial — Toward Midline
6. Lateral — Away from Midline
7. Intermediate — B/W 2 Structures
8. Ipsilateral — Same Side of Body as another Structure
9. Contralateral — OPP Side of Body from another Structure
10. Proximal — Near Attachment of a Limb to Trunk
11. Distal — Away from Attachment of a Limb to Trunk
12. Superficial/External — Toward Surface
13. Deep/Internal — Away from Surface [PG 15!!! EXAM]
Planes & Section [PG 16 EXAM!!!]
1. Planes — Imaginary Flat Surfaces that Pass through Body
(1) Sagital Plane — Vertical, Divides Body into L / R
(2) Midsaggital/Median Plane — Passes through Midline of Body or Organ
(3) Parasagittal Plane — UN-Equal Halves that ~Cross Midline
(4) Midline — Separates Body into Equal Halves
(5) Frontal/Coronal Plane — Divides Body into Anterior/Posterior
(6) Transverse / Cross-Sectional / Horizontal Plane — Divides Body into Sup/Inf
(7) Oblique Plane — Cuts body at a NON-90degree Angle
1. Section — Cut of a Body or Organ along a Pre-used Plane to Study it
Body Cavities — Enclose Internal Organs [PG 17, 18 EXAM!!!]
1. Cranial Cavity — Hollow Space in Head that contains Brain
A) Vertebral [Spinal] Canal: Spinal Cord
B) Meninges: 3xProtective Tissues + Shock-Absorbing Fluid
1. Thoracic Cavity — Chest Cavity that contains the Pericardial Cavity [Fluid that Surrounds
Heart + Pleural & Visceral Pleura] along w/ the Mediastinum [Central Part of Thoracic
Cavity]
A) Diaphragm: Separates Thoracic from Abdominopelvic Cavity
lOMoARcPSD|5079866
BIOL 235 EXAM 1 Notes
Human Anatomy and Physiology (Athabasca University)
CHAPTER 1: Anatomy & Physiology Defined
CHAPTER 2 — Chemical Level of Organization
CHAPTER 3 — Cellular Level of Organization
CHAPTER 4 — Tissue Level of Organization
CHAPTER 5 — Integumentary System
CHAPTER 6 — Skeletal System
CHAPTER 7 — AXIAL SKELETON
CHAPTER 8 — Appendicular Skeleton
CHAPTER 9 — Joints
CHAPTER 10 - Muscular Tissue
, lOMoARcPSD|5079866
CHAPTER 1: Anatomy & Physiology Defined
(O) D: Anatomy/Physiology & their Branches
Anatomy — Body Structures & their Relationships
Dissection — Cutting apart the Structures to STUDY their
Relationships Physiology — Science of body FUNCTIONS [HOW
it works]
Embryology — First 8-weeks Development after Fertilization
Cell Biology — Cellular Structures & Functions
Histology — Microscopic Structure of TISSUES
Gross Anatomy — Structures that can be Examined w/out
Microscope Systematic Anatomy — Structure of Body Systems
[NRVS SyS, EX]
Regional Anatomy — Study of Specific Regions [Head]
Surface Anatomy — Surface Markings on Body [Moles, skin
diseases]
Imaging Anatomy — Body Structures that can be Visualized via
MRI / X-Ray Pathological Anatomy — Structural Changes associated
w/ Disease Neurophysiology — Functional Property of Nerve Cells
Pathophysiology — Functional Changes associated w/ Disease + Aging
Checkpoint
1. What body function might a respiratory therapist strive to improve? What structures
are involved?
A)
LvL’s of Structural Organization & Body SyS
———————————————————————
(O) Describe: Body’s SIX LvL of Structural Organization
(O) List: 11 SyS of Human Body, their Organs, & Function
Six LvL’s
1. Chemical — Beginning, includes Atoms that Participate in RxN’s to make Molecules such
as DNA & Glucose
1. Cellular — Molecules Combine to form Cells = Functional Units of Organisms
1. Tissue — Group of Cells & Surrounding Materials that work Together to perform the same
function
A) Epithelial: Covers Body Surfaces, Lines Organs, & Forms Glands
B) Connective: Connects, Supports, & Protects Body Organs [Blood Vessels]
C) Muscular: Contracts to move Body Parts & Generate Heat
D) NRVS: Carries info around body via Nerve Impulses
1. Organ — > 2 Tissues join together to form Organs
1. SyS — Related Organs with a Common function [Digestive SyS, EX]
2. Organismal — Any living Individual
11 SyS of Human Body
1. Integumentary = Skin, hair, Fingernails, Sweat/Oil Glands
A) F’n: Protect & Regulate Body TemP as well as Somatosensation
1. Skeletal SyS = Bones + Joins + Cartilage
A) F’n: Support body Structures & Provide Area for Muscle Attachment
1. Muscular SyS = Skeletal Muscle
A) F’n: Body Movement
1. NRVS SyS = Spine + Nerves + Eyes + Ears
A) F’n: Generate Action-PoT to Regulate Body
, lOMoARcPSD|5079866
1. Endocrine SyS = Glands + Testes/Ovaries
A) F’n: Regulate body Activities via Hormones
1. Cardiovascular SyS = Heart + Blood + B-Vessels
A) F’n: Pump Blood throughout Body to Provide Nutrients & take Waste
1. Digestive SyS = Gastrointestinal Tract Organs + Mouth + Pharynx [Throat]
A) F’n: Physical & Chemical breakdown + Absorption of Food
1. Urinary SyS = Kidneys + Urethra + Urinary Bladder
A) F’n: Produce, Store, & Eliminate Urine
1. Reproductive SyS = SEVEN UP + Ovaries
A) F’n: Produce Gametes for Reproduction
1. Lymphatic SyS = Spleen + Thymus + Lymph Nodes + Tonsils
A) F’n: Filtrate Blood, Carry Lipid from S.I to Blood, & Immune F’n
1. Respiratory SyS = Lungs + Pharynx + Trachea [wind pipe]
A) F’n: O2 + CO2
Characteristics of Life
—————————————
(O) D: Important Processes
Basic Life Processes — Six Important Life Processes
1. Metabolism — Sum of ALL Chemical Processes in the Body [Cata/Ana-Bolism
2. Responsiveness — Detect & Respond to External & Internal Changes
3. Movement — Movement of Body or Tissues or Cells
4. Growth — ^nC in Body Size B/W Cells inside ^nC in Size
5. Differentiation — Development of a Cell from Unspecialized to Specialized
6. Reproduction — Formation of New Cells or Individual
Homeostasis
—————————
(O) Exp: How Homeostatic Imbalances are Related to Disorders
Homeostasis — Condition of Equilibrium in the Body’s Internal Enviro via Interactions of Regulatory
Processes
Homeostasis & Body Fluids — We exchange Fluid w/ Cells to Maintain ConC-Equilibrium as well as
for Protective Reasons [Lymph Nodes]
1. Intracellular Fluid [ICF] — Fluid w/in Cells
2. Extracellular Fluid [ECF] — Fluid Outside Cells
3. Interstitial Fluid — Fluid B/W Cells
4. Blood Plasma — Found in B-Vessels. Called Lymph if in Lymphatic-Vessels OR Cerebrospinal
Fluid OR Synovial Joints OR Aqueous Humor / Vitreous Body
CTRL of Homeostasis
1. Feedback SyS’s — Cycle of Events that can be Changed for Homeostasis such as ^nC’ing
Sweat when we Feel HOT or Shivering when we feel COLD
3 Components…
(1) Receptor: Monitors Change & Sends Input to CTRL Center = Afferent Pathway
(2) CTRL Center: Brain = Evaluates Input & Generates Output = Efferent Pathway
(3) Effector: Receives Output & Produces Response
1. NeG-Feedback SyS — Product Reverses a Pathway
A) B-Press too High = NAP is Released to Lower it = Reverse
1. PoS-Feedback SyS — Strengthens Response
A) Child Birth: Contractions = Stretch-Sensitive NRV Cells activate = Release Oxytocin =
causes Contractions to be Stronger
, lOMoARcPSD|5079866
Homeostatic Imbalances
1. Disorder — Abnormality of Structure or F’n
2. Disease — Specific Term for Illness that has Signs & Symptoms
3. Symptoms — Subjective Changes in Body that ~Observed [Headache]
4. Signs — Objective Changes that CAN be Observed [Rashes]
5. Diagnosis — Science of Distinguishing Disorders from each other
Basic Anatomical Terminology
—————————————————
(O) Des: Anatomical Position
(O) Relate: Anatomical Names to their Regions on Body
Body Positions — Standard Position of Reference = Anatomical Position = Stands Erect, eyes
forward, Lower Limbs are Parallel & Feet are flat on Floor directed FORWARD while Upper Limbs have
their Palms facing Forward
1. Prone — Lying face-DOWN
2. Supine — Lying face-UP
Regional Names — Head, Neck, Trunk, Upper Limbs, & Lower Limbs [PG 13 EXAM!!]
1. Head — Skull [Encloses Brain] + Face [Front Portion]
2. Neck — Supports Head & Attaches to Trunk
3. Trunk — Chest, Abdomen + Pelvis
4. U-Limbs — Attaches to Trunk = Arms
5. L-Limbs — Attaches to Trunk = Legs + Butt
Directional Terms — Words that Describe Position of Body in Relation to another
1. Superior/Cephalic/Cranial — Toward head
2. Inferior/Caudal — Away from Head
3. Anterior/Ventral — Toward Front
4. Posterior/Dorsal — Toward Back
5. Medial — Toward Midline
6. Lateral — Away from Midline
7. Intermediate — B/W 2 Structures
8. Ipsilateral — Same Side of Body as another Structure
9. Contralateral — OPP Side of Body from another Structure
10. Proximal — Near Attachment of a Limb to Trunk
11. Distal — Away from Attachment of a Limb to Trunk
12. Superficial/External — Toward Surface
13. Deep/Internal — Away from Surface [PG 15!!! EXAM]
Planes & Section [PG 16 EXAM!!!]
1. Planes — Imaginary Flat Surfaces that Pass through Body
(1) Sagital Plane — Vertical, Divides Body into L / R
(2) Midsaggital/Median Plane — Passes through Midline of Body or Organ
(3) Parasagittal Plane — UN-Equal Halves that ~Cross Midline
(4) Midline — Separates Body into Equal Halves
(5) Frontal/Coronal Plane — Divides Body into Anterior/Posterior
(6) Transverse / Cross-Sectional / Horizontal Plane — Divides Body into Sup/Inf
(7) Oblique Plane — Cuts body at a NON-90degree Angle
1. Section — Cut of a Body or Organ along a Pre-used Plane to Study it
Body Cavities — Enclose Internal Organs [PG 17, 18 EXAM!!!]
1. Cranial Cavity — Hollow Space in Head that contains Brain
A) Vertebral [Spinal] Canal: Spinal Cord
B) Meninges: 3xProtective Tissues + Shock-Absorbing Fluid
1. Thoracic Cavity — Chest Cavity that contains the Pericardial Cavity [Fluid that Surrounds
Heart + Pleural & Visceral Pleura] along w/ the Mediastinum [Central Part of Thoracic
Cavity]
A) Diaphragm: Separates Thoracic from Abdominopelvic Cavity
