BIOS 251 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1 FINAL EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
BIOS 251 A&P 1 Final Study Guide
*Spend extra time on the concepts that are in bold*
Don’t forget to study the list of bones and bone features on the Lab Practicum Study
Guide!
Ch. 1
Homeostasis
• Condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment, and maintained by
regulatory processes.
• Survival of our body cells is dependent on the precise regulation of the chemical
composition of their surrounding fluid
• Internal conditions are in a dynamic equilibrium; set point (like thermostat in house)
• Essential for maintenance of life; death and disease.
Components of the homeostatic control loop (feedback loops)
• Negative Feedback: works to oppose change and brings condition back to a set point o
Stimulus > Controlled Condition (blood pressure) > Receptors (baroreceptors in certain
blood vessels) > Control Center (brain) > Effectors (heart & blood vessels) > Response
(decrease in HR)
• Positive Feedback: works to enhance change and brings condition further away from a
set point (ex. Birth) o Stimulus > Controlled Condition (stretching of cervix) >
Receptors (stretching of cells in cervix) > Control
Center (brain) > Effectors (muscles in wall of uterus) > Response (baby’s body stretches the
cervix more)
Ch. 2
1
, Acids and bases
• Acids: ionize into one or more hydrogen ions (H+) and one or more anions (negative
ions)
• Bases: dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions (OH-) and one or more cations
(positive ions) and are proton acceptors.
pH scale
• Acidity is lower, alkalinity is higher. Scale is 0-14
• 7 is neutral
• Gastric fluid, hydrochloric acid is 0 and 1
• Over cleaner, sodium hydroxide is 13 and 14
• Blood is just over 7
Ch. 3
Tonicity of solutions and their effect on body cells (hypo-, iso-, hypertonic)
• Tonicity of a solution relates to how the solution influences the shape of body
cells.
• Isotonic solution = RBC maintain normal shape
• Hypotonic solution = RBC hemolyze
• Hypertonic solution = RBC crenate
Osmosis
• Net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high
water concentration to an area of low water concentration.
Factors that influence the rate of diffusion across the cell membrane
• steepness of the concentration gradient
• temperature
• mass of diffusing substance
• surface area
• diffusion distance
Where DNA may be found in the cell
• Nucleus
• Sometimes in the mitochondria
2
STUDY GUIDE
BIOS 251 A&P 1 Final Study Guide
*Spend extra time on the concepts that are in bold*
Don’t forget to study the list of bones and bone features on the Lab Practicum Study
Guide!
Ch. 1
Homeostasis
• Condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment, and maintained by
regulatory processes.
• Survival of our body cells is dependent on the precise regulation of the chemical
composition of their surrounding fluid
• Internal conditions are in a dynamic equilibrium; set point (like thermostat in house)
• Essential for maintenance of life; death and disease.
Components of the homeostatic control loop (feedback loops)
• Negative Feedback: works to oppose change and brings condition back to a set point o
Stimulus > Controlled Condition (blood pressure) > Receptors (baroreceptors in certain
blood vessels) > Control Center (brain) > Effectors (heart & blood vessels) > Response
(decrease in HR)
• Positive Feedback: works to enhance change and brings condition further away from a
set point (ex. Birth) o Stimulus > Controlled Condition (stretching of cervix) >
Receptors (stretching of cells in cervix) > Control
Center (brain) > Effectors (muscles in wall of uterus) > Response (baby’s body stretches the
cervix more)
Ch. 2
1
, Acids and bases
• Acids: ionize into one or more hydrogen ions (H+) and one or more anions (negative
ions)
• Bases: dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions (OH-) and one or more cations
(positive ions) and are proton acceptors.
pH scale
• Acidity is lower, alkalinity is higher. Scale is 0-14
• 7 is neutral
• Gastric fluid, hydrochloric acid is 0 and 1
• Over cleaner, sodium hydroxide is 13 and 14
• Blood is just over 7
Ch. 3
Tonicity of solutions and their effect on body cells (hypo-, iso-, hypertonic)
• Tonicity of a solution relates to how the solution influences the shape of body
cells.
• Isotonic solution = RBC maintain normal shape
• Hypotonic solution = RBC hemolyze
• Hypertonic solution = RBC crenate
Osmosis
• Net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high
water concentration to an area of low water concentration.
Factors that influence the rate of diffusion across the cell membrane
• steepness of the concentration gradient
• temperature
• mass of diffusing substance
• surface area
• diffusion distance
Where DNA may be found in the cell
• Nucleus
• Sometimes in the mitochondria
2
