HUBS192: Human Body Systems
Cardiovascular System
1. Design of the Circulation and Hemodynamics ........................................... 1
2. Anatomy of the Heart (Part 1) ....................................................................... 3
3. Anatomy of the Heart (Part 2) ....................................................................... 3
4. Circulatory System Anatomy (Arteries and Veins) ...................................... 8
5. Circulatory System Anatomy (Capillaries and Lymphatics) .................... 10
6. The Heart as a Pump ..................................................................................... 12
7. The Excitable Heart ....................................................................................... 15
8. Controlling the Heart and Blood Pressure .................................................. 18
9. Controlling ‘Regional’ Blood Flows.............................................................. 19
10. Venous Blood Flow and the Heart ............................................................ 21
1. Design of the Circulation and Hemodynamics
Monday, July 6, 2015
Understand the basic function of the cardiovascular system
Arteries carry blood AWAY from the heart so they are highly oxygenated. These get smaller
and smaller as they branch off.
Vessels carry blood TO the heart so they have low oxygen levels. These get larger and
larger as they combine.
Know the difference between blood flow in series and in parallel
The heart is a four-chambered organ. Blood flows in one direction. Arterial blood flows
AWAY from the heart. Venous blood flows TOWARDS the heart.
Systemic and pulmonary circuits lie ‘in series with one another. This means that the blood
flows through the lungs then flows through the systemic circulation and to all organs.
Systemic circuits lie in parallel with each other. So within the system circuit, it lies in parallel.
So once the blood enters an organ it will travel back to the heart → this makes sure that
deoxygenated blood doesn’t go to multiple organs and no organ receives the carbon
dioxide-rich blood leaving another organ (except the liver).
The systemic and pulmonary circuits move blood in series, while individual organs and
tissues receive blood in parallel.
,Define the variables that determine blood flow
, .
Q = DP/R
Haemodynamics: how blood flows in a single vessel
Flow=Pressure Difference/Resistance Pupstream Pdownstream
∆𝑃 .
𝑄̇ = Q
𝑅
e.g., aorta R e.g., brachial artery
Blood flow is influenced by pressure generated by the heart and by the total resistance of
the vessels.
Because blood flows (overall) in a series circuit, if blood is leaving the heart at 5L/min, it will
return to the heart at 5L/min.
If you are trying to control the flow of the blood, the 2 variables involved are the resistance
of the vessels and the pressure generated by the heart.
VEINS AND ARTERIES
Arteries pump blood under high pressure and high velocity whilst the cross sectional area
of veins is at least twice that of arteries in order to achieve the same volume flow rate per
second but at a lower pressure and velocity.
2. Anatomy of the Heart (Part 1)
Tuesday, July 7, 2015
Describe the general organization of the cardiovascular system
The Cardiovascular System is made up of 2 systems:
- Blood vascular system: A closed supply and Point of
drainage system – continuous loop. connection -
valve
- Lymphatic (vascular) system): An open entry
drainage system – one way system.
During oxygen exchange at the capillary beds,
some blood can be lost. Fluid that leaves blood
vessels and moves into tissue drains back to the
heart via the lymphatic system. The lymphatic
vessels rejoin large veins and re-enter the blood
flow.
SUPPLY EXCHANGE DRAINAGE
Capillaries – these have
Arteries – located
varying degrees of
deep in trunk/flexor Veins and Lymphatic – 3
permeability depending
aspect of limbs to pathways:
on the endothelial cells
avoid damage. Deep veins, Superficial veins or
Continuous (controlled)
Pump under high Lymphatics
Fenestrated (leaky)
pressure and high
Sinusoidal (very leaky)
velocity.
Orientate the heart within the thorax
Cardiovascular System
1. Design of the Circulation and Hemodynamics ........................................... 1
2. Anatomy of the Heart (Part 1) ....................................................................... 3
3. Anatomy of the Heart (Part 2) ....................................................................... 3
4. Circulatory System Anatomy (Arteries and Veins) ...................................... 8
5. Circulatory System Anatomy (Capillaries and Lymphatics) .................... 10
6. The Heart as a Pump ..................................................................................... 12
7. The Excitable Heart ....................................................................................... 15
8. Controlling the Heart and Blood Pressure .................................................. 18
9. Controlling ‘Regional’ Blood Flows.............................................................. 19
10. Venous Blood Flow and the Heart ............................................................ 21
1. Design of the Circulation and Hemodynamics
Monday, July 6, 2015
Understand the basic function of the cardiovascular system
Arteries carry blood AWAY from the heart so they are highly oxygenated. These get smaller
and smaller as they branch off.
Vessels carry blood TO the heart so they have low oxygen levels. These get larger and
larger as they combine.
Know the difference between blood flow in series and in parallel
The heart is a four-chambered organ. Blood flows in one direction. Arterial blood flows
AWAY from the heart. Venous blood flows TOWARDS the heart.
Systemic and pulmonary circuits lie ‘in series with one another. This means that the blood
flows through the lungs then flows through the systemic circulation and to all organs.
Systemic circuits lie in parallel with each other. So within the system circuit, it lies in parallel.
So once the blood enters an organ it will travel back to the heart → this makes sure that
deoxygenated blood doesn’t go to multiple organs and no organ receives the carbon
dioxide-rich blood leaving another organ (except the liver).
The systemic and pulmonary circuits move blood in series, while individual organs and
tissues receive blood in parallel.
,Define the variables that determine blood flow
, .
Q = DP/R
Haemodynamics: how blood flows in a single vessel
Flow=Pressure Difference/Resistance Pupstream Pdownstream
∆𝑃 .
𝑄̇ = Q
𝑅
e.g., aorta R e.g., brachial artery
Blood flow is influenced by pressure generated by the heart and by the total resistance of
the vessels.
Because blood flows (overall) in a series circuit, if blood is leaving the heart at 5L/min, it will
return to the heart at 5L/min.
If you are trying to control the flow of the blood, the 2 variables involved are the resistance
of the vessels and the pressure generated by the heart.
VEINS AND ARTERIES
Arteries pump blood under high pressure and high velocity whilst the cross sectional area
of veins is at least twice that of arteries in order to achieve the same volume flow rate per
second but at a lower pressure and velocity.
2. Anatomy of the Heart (Part 1)
Tuesday, July 7, 2015
Describe the general organization of the cardiovascular system
The Cardiovascular System is made up of 2 systems:
- Blood vascular system: A closed supply and Point of
drainage system – continuous loop. connection -
valve
- Lymphatic (vascular) system): An open entry
drainage system – one way system.
During oxygen exchange at the capillary beds,
some blood can be lost. Fluid that leaves blood
vessels and moves into tissue drains back to the
heart via the lymphatic system. The lymphatic
vessels rejoin large veins and re-enter the blood
flow.
SUPPLY EXCHANGE DRAINAGE
Capillaries – these have
Arteries – located
varying degrees of
deep in trunk/flexor Veins and Lymphatic – 3
permeability depending
aspect of limbs to pathways:
on the endothelial cells
avoid damage. Deep veins, Superficial veins or
Continuous (controlled)
Pump under high Lymphatics
Fenestrated (leaky)
pressure and high
Sinusoidal (very leaky)
velocity.
Orientate the heart within the thorax
