BIOS 255 A&P III FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
1. With regards to Alveoli / Gas Exchange/ Surface Tension/ Everything
(More at the bottom) – add more
In the lungs surface tension forces the alveoli to assume the smallest
diameter possible
Surfactant lowers surface tension of alveolar fluid
Surface tension must be overcome for lungs to expand for inhalation
Surface tension accounts for two-thirds of lung elastic recoil, which
decreases size of alveoli during exhalation
2. Clinical Situation / anaerobic bacteria / reduction of O2/ Oxygenation
Anaerobic bacteria
Causes tetanus and gangrene
Cannot live in the presence of free O2
Can also cause bone infections
Hyperbaric oxygenation is used to treat anaerobic
Use of pressure to cause more O2 to dissolve in the blood
3. Cytokines / chemokine some will cause vasodilate, constrict / some will
cause increased permeability / know which does what / what happens at
infection site? Who does what at an infection site
Two immediate changes occur in blood vessel in region of tissue injury
permits in defensive proteins to enter injured area
Vasodilation
Increased permeability
Substances that contribute
Histamine – from mast cells, neutrophils and macrophages stimulate
release, causes vasodilation and increased permeability
Kinins – induce vasodilation and increased permeability, they are also
chemotactic agents for phagocytosis
Prostaglandins (PGs) – “E” series; released by damaged cells; intensify
histamine and kinin effect, stimulate emigration of phagocytes through
capillary walls
Leukotrienes – produced by basophils and mast cells, increase
permeability; functions to: adhere phagocytes to pathogens, chemotactic
agent that attracts phagocytes
, Complement – different components stimulate histamine release, attract
neutrophils by chemotaxis, promotes phagocytosis; can also destroy
bacteria
Dilation of arterioles and increased permeability of capillaries produce three
of the signs and symptoms of inflammation: heat, redness (erythema), and
swelling (edema)
Cytokines – interleukin 1, promotes fever? Search cytokines
4. Structure of lungs / lungs themselves / direct question about structure
5. Gas Exchange /
Beginning of review
6. Complement System – Often missed 22:30 lecture
1. Inactive C3 splits into activated C3a and C3b
2. C3b binds to the surface of a microbe and receptors on phagocytosis
attach to C3b. Thus C3b enhances phagocytosis by opsonization –
attaches to microbe, then phagocytes attach to C3b
3. Cytolysis. C3b splits C5. C5b binds to C6 and C7. C6 and C7 attach
to plasma membrane of invader microbe. Then C8 and C9 join other
, complement proteins and form cylindrical shaped MAC (membrane
attack complex), which inserts into plasma membrane
4. MAC creates channels in plasma membrane resulting in cytolysis
(bursting) – Lets extracellular fluid into microbe causing swelling
then burst
5. C3a and C5a bind to mast cells releasing histamine increasing blood
vessel permeability during inflammation. C5a attracts phagocytes to
site of inflammation (chemotaxis)
Add activation pathways**
Acts in a cascade
Activation by three different pathways (All activating C3)
C3 brings about phagocytosis, cytolysis, and inflammation
A group of normally inactive proteins in blood plasma and on plasma
membranes makes up the complement system. When activated, these
proteins “complement” or enhance certain immune reactions. The
complement system causes cytolysis (bursting) of microbes, promotes
phagocytosis, and contributes to inflammation.
Apart of innate immunity, Second line of defense antimicrobial substance
7. Breathing – identical to quiz
During inhalation the alveolar pressure becomes greater than the
atmospheric pressures. False Inhale – decrease Exhale – Increase
Movement of air between atmosphere and alveoli is… Ventilation
8. Which of the following… immune system organs / lymphatic organs
9. O2 dissociation – Curve graph slides
10.Antibody Titers – on a slide titer vs response, immune system, with
infection Igg table
Naturally active
All the B and T cells
Naturally passive
IgG and IgA mother to baby placenta and fluids (breast milk)
Artificially active
Memory cells from vaccines
Artificially passive
Immunoglobular (antibodies) injection
11.Which of the following… innate vs adaptive immunity
12.In which… parts of the immune system slide / chemical, mechanical
13.Gas Law / Boyle’s Law
1. With regards to Alveoli / Gas Exchange/ Surface Tension/ Everything
(More at the bottom) – add more
In the lungs surface tension forces the alveoli to assume the smallest
diameter possible
Surfactant lowers surface tension of alveolar fluid
Surface tension must be overcome for lungs to expand for inhalation
Surface tension accounts for two-thirds of lung elastic recoil, which
decreases size of alveoli during exhalation
2. Clinical Situation / anaerobic bacteria / reduction of O2/ Oxygenation
Anaerobic bacteria
Causes tetanus and gangrene
Cannot live in the presence of free O2
Can also cause bone infections
Hyperbaric oxygenation is used to treat anaerobic
Use of pressure to cause more O2 to dissolve in the blood
3. Cytokines / chemokine some will cause vasodilate, constrict / some will
cause increased permeability / know which does what / what happens at
infection site? Who does what at an infection site
Two immediate changes occur in blood vessel in region of tissue injury
permits in defensive proteins to enter injured area
Vasodilation
Increased permeability
Substances that contribute
Histamine – from mast cells, neutrophils and macrophages stimulate
release, causes vasodilation and increased permeability
Kinins – induce vasodilation and increased permeability, they are also
chemotactic agents for phagocytosis
Prostaglandins (PGs) – “E” series; released by damaged cells; intensify
histamine and kinin effect, stimulate emigration of phagocytes through
capillary walls
Leukotrienes – produced by basophils and mast cells, increase
permeability; functions to: adhere phagocytes to pathogens, chemotactic
agent that attracts phagocytes
, Complement – different components stimulate histamine release, attract
neutrophils by chemotaxis, promotes phagocytosis; can also destroy
bacteria
Dilation of arterioles and increased permeability of capillaries produce three
of the signs and symptoms of inflammation: heat, redness (erythema), and
swelling (edema)
Cytokines – interleukin 1, promotes fever? Search cytokines
4. Structure of lungs / lungs themselves / direct question about structure
5. Gas Exchange /
Beginning of review
6. Complement System – Often missed 22:30 lecture
1. Inactive C3 splits into activated C3a and C3b
2. C3b binds to the surface of a microbe and receptors on phagocytosis
attach to C3b. Thus C3b enhances phagocytosis by opsonization –
attaches to microbe, then phagocytes attach to C3b
3. Cytolysis. C3b splits C5. C5b binds to C6 and C7. C6 and C7 attach
to plasma membrane of invader microbe. Then C8 and C9 join other
, complement proteins and form cylindrical shaped MAC (membrane
attack complex), which inserts into plasma membrane
4. MAC creates channels in plasma membrane resulting in cytolysis
(bursting) – Lets extracellular fluid into microbe causing swelling
then burst
5. C3a and C5a bind to mast cells releasing histamine increasing blood
vessel permeability during inflammation. C5a attracts phagocytes to
site of inflammation (chemotaxis)
Add activation pathways**
Acts in a cascade
Activation by three different pathways (All activating C3)
C3 brings about phagocytosis, cytolysis, and inflammation
A group of normally inactive proteins in blood plasma and on plasma
membranes makes up the complement system. When activated, these
proteins “complement” or enhance certain immune reactions. The
complement system causes cytolysis (bursting) of microbes, promotes
phagocytosis, and contributes to inflammation.
Apart of innate immunity, Second line of defense antimicrobial substance
7. Breathing – identical to quiz
During inhalation the alveolar pressure becomes greater than the
atmospheric pressures. False Inhale – decrease Exhale – Increase
Movement of air between atmosphere and alveoli is… Ventilation
8. Which of the following… immune system organs / lymphatic organs
9. O2 dissociation – Curve graph slides
10.Antibody Titers – on a slide titer vs response, immune system, with
infection Igg table
Naturally active
All the B and T cells
Naturally passive
IgG and IgA mother to baby placenta and fluids (breast milk)
Artificially active
Memory cells from vaccines
Artificially passive
Immunoglobular (antibodies) injection
11.Which of the following… innate vs adaptive immunity
12.In which… parts of the immune system slide / chemical, mechanical
13.Gas Law / Boyle’s Law
