NUR 205 TEST BANK | LATEST SOLUTION

NUR 205 TEST BANK Chapter 50- Introduction to the Renal System The nursing instructor is talking with students about the renal system. What would the instructor tell the students about the renal system, especially how it helps maintain calcium levels in the 1. body by regulating the activation of what? A) Vitamin A B) Vitamin B C) Vitamin C D) Vitamin D D Feedback: The renal system has four major functions in the body. One is regulating vitamin D activation, which helps maintain and regulate calcium levels. Vitamins A, B, and C are not associated with this function. The patient has just been diagnosed with acute renal failure. The patient asks the nurse what 2. part of his or her kidneys is involved. What would the nurse reply? A) Glomerulus B) Renal pelves C) Nephron D) Renal capsule C Feedback: The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. There are about 2.4 million nephrons in an adult. These structures filter fluid and make urine. The glomerulus is a tuft of blood vessels with a capillary-like endothelium that allows easy passage of fluid and waste products. The renal pelves are in a region of the kidney that drains urine into the ureters. The renal capsule is a protective layer, which is made up of the fiber layer, a perirenal or brown fat layer, and the renal parietal layer. The anatomy class is learning about the countercurrent mechanism in the medullary nephrons. 4. What would the students learn about this mechanism and what it acts to do? A) Promote sodium excretion B) Concentrate or dilute the urine C) Block the effects of aldosterone D) Stimulate antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release B Feedback: The countercurrent mechanism in the medullary nephrons acts to concentrate or dilute urine. It does not promote sodium excretion nor does it block the effects of aldosterone. This mechanism does not stimulate ADH release. The physiology instructor explains that the nephrons are fragile and require a constant supply of 5. blood and oxygen. What compensatory mechanisms work to maintain this supply? A) The renin–angiotensin system, causing vasoconstriction B) Baroreceptor monitoring of the renal artery C) Increased sweating when total water volume becomes too great Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release in response to increased blood volume or decreased D) osmolarity A Feedback: The renin–angiotensin system causes vasoconstriction to improve blood flow to the fragile nephrons. Baroreceptors are not found in the renal artery. Increased sweating is not a reflex reaction to increased total body water. ADH is released in response to decreased blood volume and increased osmolarity. The nursing instructor is discussing anemia. The instructor explains about when a person has chronic renal failure; how it leads to a decrease in the production of red blood cells and so the 6. person becomes anemic. This anemia is usually caused by a loss of what? A) Erythropoietin B) Hydrogen ions C) Renin D) Urea A Feedback: When nephrons are lost, as in renal failure, the juxtaglomerular cells that produce erythropoietin are also lost leading to a decrease in red blood cell production and anemia. Urea, renin, and hydrogen do not affect red blood cell production and are not associated with anemia. As the physiology instructor explains to the students, the kidneys regulate calcium levels within a very tight range by the activity of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin. Where does the 7. fine-tuning of the calcium level occur? A) Bowman’s capsule B) The proximal convoluted tubule C) The distal convoluted tubule D) The loop of Henle C Feedback: PTH acts at the distal convoluted tubule to stimulate the reabsorption of calcium to increase serum calcium levels; if it is not present, the calcium is lost. Calcium is filtered at the glomerulus and mostly reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule and the ascending loop of Henle. Bowman’s capsule is part of the renal corpuscle that acts as a sieve or a strainer to allow fluid to flow through, but also keeps large particles from entering.