Mineral
1. Naturally Occuring Mineral Groups
2. Inorganic 2 elements that make up most of our minerals
3. Solid Substance 1. Silicon and Oxygen, which make up Silicates
4. Possess an orderly internal structure of atoms a. Common types of silicates: Quartz, Hornblende, Olivine,
5. Have definite composition etc.
Atomic Bonding b. Feldspars are most abundant, followed by quartz
1. Valence Shell c. Silica Tetrahedra
a. An outermost shell 2. Nonsilicate minerals have many economic uses
2. Octet Rule a. Halite - salt
a. Atoms gain, lose, or share electrons until valence b. Fluorite - steelmaking
shell has 8 electrons c. Silver - jewelry
3. Chemical Bond
a. Transfer or share electrons
4. Ionic bond The Rock Cycle
a. Atoms bond together when oppositely charged The Basic Cycle
ions attract 1. Magma is formed by melting that occurs in Earth’s crust and
5. Covalent bond upper mantle
a. Sharing of a pair of electrons between atoms 2. Molten rocks solidify either beneath or above the surface
6. Metallic bond resulting in igneous rocks
a. Packed metal atoms have valence electrons free 3. If igneous rocks are exposed to the surface, weathering
to move throughout the structure disintegrates the rocks, forming sediments
Physical Properties of materials 4. Sediments undergo lithification, forming sedimentary rocks
1. Habit or Crystal Shape 5. When sedimentary rocks are subjected to intense heat and
Common crystal shape pressure, may turn into a metamorphic rock
How the crystal naturally grows 6. If metamorphic rocks are subjected to more heat and
Prisms, Pyramid, Needles, Cubes, Sheets pressure, it melts, renewing the cycle
2. Luster Three main types of rocks
Appearance or quality of light reflected from the - Igneous (Ignis: Fire)
surface of a mineral - Sedimentary
Metallic, Non-metallic, and Semi-metallic - Morph (Form and Meta: change)
3. Ability to transmit light Igneous Rocks
a. Opaque: no light transmitted - Formed from cooling and solidifying of magma/lava
b. Translucent: light is transmitted, no image - Composed mainly of silicate minerals
c. Transparent: light and image is transmitted - Extrusive Igneous Rocks(volcanic): solidifies at the surface
4. Color - Intrusive Igneous Rocks(plutonic): forms at depth
5. Streak - Slow cooling = fewer, larger crystals
Color of mineral in powdered from - Rapid cooling = small intergrown crystals
6. Hardness - Granitic Composition(felsic): light colored silicates
a. Ability to resist scratching or abrasion - Basaltic Composition(mafic): high percentage of dark
b. Can be obtained using Mohs scale silicates
c. Talc- Softest, Crystal- Hardest - Andesitic Composition(intermediate): in between felsic and
7. Cleavage masic
a. Tendency to break along planes - Ultramafic Composition: mostly dark silicate minerals
b. Clean cut - Chemical makeup can be inferred from silica content
c. Break along flat parallel surfaces
i. Excellent
1. Light is reflected in one
direction from a set of large
parallel surfaces
ii. Good
1. Light is reflected in one
direction from a set of many
small parallel surfaces
iii. Poor
1. Light is reflected in small
parallel surfaces that is hard
to detect
8. Fracture Classifying Igneous Rocks
a. Random patter of breakage
1. Texture
b. Any kind of breakage that does not occur along a
a. How fast the rock cools determines the texture
cleavage plane
9. Tenacity
b. Size, shape, arrangements of minerals
a. Mineral’s resistance to deformation (bending, c. Fast cooling = smaller crystals
cutiing, breaking) d. Lower cooling = larger crystals
Types
, 1. Fine-grained Magmatic Differentiation - formation of one or more magmas from
- Cooling on the surface, Fast single parent magma
- Light, intermediate, dark in color
- Microscopic minerals
2. Glassy
- Cooling = very fast
- Unordered ions freeze in place before they arrange
3. Coarse
- Cooling = slow
- Cooled at great depths
- Large minerals
4. Porphyritic (fine and rough crystals)
- Two rates of cooling = slow first, then fast
- Large crystals inside a mix of smaller crystals
5. Vesicular
- Many holes called vesicles (formed from gas bubbles
escaping)
6. Pyroclastic (Fragmental)
- Combination of individual rock fragments ejected during 2. Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
eruptions • Derived from material that was once in
- Contains fragments from eruptions, somewhat similar to solution and precipitates to form
vesicular sediments
Mineral Constituents • Used to be liquid form, if it is hot
- Explained by Bowen’s Reaction Series enough, it evaporates and precipitate is
left
• Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks involve
life processes of water-dwelling
organisms
Lithification - processes by which sediments are transformed into solid
sedimentary rocks
- Colors get darker and darker as they get to ultramafic
- Minerals crystallize the soonest with elements that make up
ultramafic rocks
1. Felsic/Granitic Rocks (REMEMBER COLOR AND
COMPOSITION)
a. They cool down at colder temps
b. Common rock is granite
c. High silica content
2. Basaltic/Mafic Rocks
a. Magnesium and iron
b. Common rock is basalt
c. Dark rocks
3. Andesitic/Intermediate
a. Fine-grained
b. Porphyritic rocks
4. Ultramafic
a. Very low silica content,
b. Rich in hypersthene, augite, • Common examples
o Limestone: most abundant
o Salt
o Coal: compressed plant
material
Features of Sedimentary Rocks
• Stratas /Beds - layers of sediments, most
characteristic feature
1. Naturally Occuring Mineral Groups
2. Inorganic 2 elements that make up most of our minerals
3. Solid Substance 1. Silicon and Oxygen, which make up Silicates
4. Possess an orderly internal structure of atoms a. Common types of silicates: Quartz, Hornblende, Olivine,
5. Have definite composition etc.
Atomic Bonding b. Feldspars are most abundant, followed by quartz
1. Valence Shell c. Silica Tetrahedra
a. An outermost shell 2. Nonsilicate minerals have many economic uses
2. Octet Rule a. Halite - salt
a. Atoms gain, lose, or share electrons until valence b. Fluorite - steelmaking
shell has 8 electrons c. Silver - jewelry
3. Chemical Bond
a. Transfer or share electrons
4. Ionic bond The Rock Cycle
a. Atoms bond together when oppositely charged The Basic Cycle
ions attract 1. Magma is formed by melting that occurs in Earth’s crust and
5. Covalent bond upper mantle
a. Sharing of a pair of electrons between atoms 2. Molten rocks solidify either beneath or above the surface
6. Metallic bond resulting in igneous rocks
a. Packed metal atoms have valence electrons free 3. If igneous rocks are exposed to the surface, weathering
to move throughout the structure disintegrates the rocks, forming sediments
Physical Properties of materials 4. Sediments undergo lithification, forming sedimentary rocks
1. Habit or Crystal Shape 5. When sedimentary rocks are subjected to intense heat and
Common crystal shape pressure, may turn into a metamorphic rock
How the crystal naturally grows 6. If metamorphic rocks are subjected to more heat and
Prisms, Pyramid, Needles, Cubes, Sheets pressure, it melts, renewing the cycle
2. Luster Three main types of rocks
Appearance or quality of light reflected from the - Igneous (Ignis: Fire)
surface of a mineral - Sedimentary
Metallic, Non-metallic, and Semi-metallic - Morph (Form and Meta: change)
3. Ability to transmit light Igneous Rocks
a. Opaque: no light transmitted - Formed from cooling and solidifying of magma/lava
b. Translucent: light is transmitted, no image - Composed mainly of silicate minerals
c. Transparent: light and image is transmitted - Extrusive Igneous Rocks(volcanic): solidifies at the surface
4. Color - Intrusive Igneous Rocks(plutonic): forms at depth
5. Streak - Slow cooling = fewer, larger crystals
Color of mineral in powdered from - Rapid cooling = small intergrown crystals
6. Hardness - Granitic Composition(felsic): light colored silicates
a. Ability to resist scratching or abrasion - Basaltic Composition(mafic): high percentage of dark
b. Can be obtained using Mohs scale silicates
c. Talc- Softest, Crystal- Hardest - Andesitic Composition(intermediate): in between felsic and
7. Cleavage masic
a. Tendency to break along planes - Ultramafic Composition: mostly dark silicate minerals
b. Clean cut - Chemical makeup can be inferred from silica content
c. Break along flat parallel surfaces
i. Excellent
1. Light is reflected in one
direction from a set of large
parallel surfaces
ii. Good
1. Light is reflected in one
direction from a set of many
small parallel surfaces
iii. Poor
1. Light is reflected in small
parallel surfaces that is hard
to detect
8. Fracture Classifying Igneous Rocks
a. Random patter of breakage
1. Texture
b. Any kind of breakage that does not occur along a
a. How fast the rock cools determines the texture
cleavage plane
9. Tenacity
b. Size, shape, arrangements of minerals
a. Mineral’s resistance to deformation (bending, c. Fast cooling = smaller crystals
cutiing, breaking) d. Lower cooling = larger crystals
Types
, 1. Fine-grained Magmatic Differentiation - formation of one or more magmas from
- Cooling on the surface, Fast single parent magma
- Light, intermediate, dark in color
- Microscopic minerals
2. Glassy
- Cooling = very fast
- Unordered ions freeze in place before they arrange
3. Coarse
- Cooling = slow
- Cooled at great depths
- Large minerals
4. Porphyritic (fine and rough crystals)
- Two rates of cooling = slow first, then fast
- Large crystals inside a mix of smaller crystals
5. Vesicular
- Many holes called vesicles (formed from gas bubbles
escaping)
6. Pyroclastic (Fragmental)
- Combination of individual rock fragments ejected during 2. Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
eruptions • Derived from material that was once in
- Contains fragments from eruptions, somewhat similar to solution and precipitates to form
vesicular sediments
Mineral Constituents • Used to be liquid form, if it is hot
- Explained by Bowen’s Reaction Series enough, it evaporates and precipitate is
left
• Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks involve
life processes of water-dwelling
organisms
Lithification - processes by which sediments are transformed into solid
sedimentary rocks
- Colors get darker and darker as they get to ultramafic
- Minerals crystallize the soonest with elements that make up
ultramafic rocks
1. Felsic/Granitic Rocks (REMEMBER COLOR AND
COMPOSITION)
a. They cool down at colder temps
b. Common rock is granite
c. High silica content
2. Basaltic/Mafic Rocks
a. Magnesium and iron
b. Common rock is basalt
c. Dark rocks
3. Andesitic/Intermediate
a. Fine-grained
b. Porphyritic rocks
4. Ultramafic
a. Very low silica content,
b. Rich in hypersthene, augite, • Common examples
o Limestone: most abundant
o Salt
o Coal: compressed plant
material
Features of Sedimentary Rocks
• Stratas /Beds - layers of sediments, most
characteristic feature
