African American Women and Breast Cancer | Social and Behavioral Interventions | Handbook of African American Health

African American Women and Breast Cancer | Social and Behavioral Interventions | Handbook of African American Health Part I Background of Social and Behavioral Health Disparities Interventions Among African Americans 1 Conceptual, Operational, and Theoretical Overview of African American Health Related Disparities for Social and Behavioral Interventions ........................... 3 Anthony J. Lemelle 2 Ethics and Intervention Programming ........................................................................... 35 Cynthia Hudley Part II Fundamental Intervention Needs 3 Health, Nutrition, Access to Healthy Food and Well-Being Among African Americans............................................................................................... 47 Angela J. Hattery and Earl Smith 4 Promoting Physical Activity in Black Children and Adolescents: Intervention Strategies Health Practitioners Have Put into Play....................................................... 61 Raegan A. Tuff and Billy Hawkins Part III Major Lifestyle Intervention Considerations 5 Reducing Tobacco-Related Health Disparities: Using Mass Media Campaigns to Prevent Smoking and Increase Cessation in Underserved Populations ............................................................................................. 79 Jane A. Allen, Donna M. Vallone, and Amanda K. Richardson Part IV Important Interventions for Children 6 Preventing Childhood Lead Poisoning............................................................................ 103 Wornie Reed 7 Contemporary Interventions to Prevent and Reduce Community Violence Among African American Youth ..................................................................... 113 Duane E. Thomas, Elizabeth M. Woodburn, Celine I. Thompson, and Stephen S. Leff - - - - African American Identity and Group Relations There are many definitions of African American identity. Earlier the chapter accounted for a small fraction of this variation. Below the chapter considers selected important African American group experiences. Conceptually, we could treat the African American identity category as an aggregate or we could treat the identity category as a group. It might be best to treat the African American category as a group. For instance, Kurt Lewin’s concept of life-space is helpful in understanding the importance of group membership. Lewin argued that individuals’ psychological activities occur within the psychological field that he called the life-space. The life-space consists of all past, present, and future events that assists in influencing and shaping individuals. Each of the events contributes to behavioral responses in particular situations. In addition, the life-space also contains an individual’s needs in social interaction with the psychological environment (Lewin, Gentile, & Miller, 2009). Health behaviors intimately connect to life space. Moreover, performing health behaviors are group situations. Lewin defined the group in the following way: It is today widely recognized that a group is more than, or, more exactly, di - -