1
Biology
As Level (Year 1)
AQA
, 2
INDEX
Biological Molecules 64. Prokaryotic & Viral Replication
3. Monomers & Polymers Immunity
5. Monosaccharides & Disaccharides 65. Immune Defences
8. Polysaccharides 67. Immune Responses
10. General Properties of Proteins 71. Antigens and Antibodies
14. Enzymes 75. Vaccines
19. Fats Exchange of Substances
22. Tests for Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins 77. Exchange Surfaces
Nucleic Acid 79. Lungs
24. Structure of DNA & RNA 81. Ventilation
27. DNA Replication 83. Gas Exchange
30. ATP 86. Xerophytes
32. Water 87. Digesting Foods
35. Inorganic Ions Mass Transport
Cells 90. Heart
36. Structure of Eukaryotic Cells 94. Mass Transport (Animals)
41. Prokaryotic Cells and Viruses 100. Mass Transport (Plants)
45. Cell Specialisation and Organisation Causes of Genetic Diversity
47. Methods of Studying Cells 106. Genetic Code
Cell Membranes 109. Transcription Translation
49. Cell Membranes 113. Meiosis
52. Passive Transport 116. Types of Variation
57. Active Transport 118. Selection
Cellular Growth and Division 121. Classification
60. Cell Cycle 124. Biodiversity
62. Mitosis 125. Calculating Biodiversity
126. Preserving Biodiversity
, 3
Monomers and Polymers
Biochemical basics of life –
A carbon atom can form a maximum number of four covalent bonds. This allows many carbon atoms to
be bonded together to form more complex molecules. Carbon commonly acts as a backbone for organic
(carbon-containing) molecules found in all living organisms.
Biological Molecules –
There are four main types of biological macromolecules.
Macromolecule Example Atomic
Composition
Carbohydrate Contain carbon,
hydrogen and
oxygen.
Lipids Contain carbon,
hydrogen and
oxygen.
Proteins Contain carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen and
sometimes sulphur.
Nucleic Acids Contain carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen and
phosphorus.
, 4
Monomers and Polymers –
Many biological macromolecules are polymers which are build up from repeating smaller building
blocks called monomers.
Polymers – Long chains that are composed of many induvial smaller monomers that have been bonded
together in a repeating pattern.
Carbohydrate made of monosaccharide monomers polymer is a polysaccharide.
Protein made of amino acid monomers polymer is a polypeptide.
Nucleic acid made of nucleotide monomers polymer is a polynucleotide.
Lipids are not polymers. These macromolecules are instead made up of a number of different base
units which are joined together in a non-repeating pattern.
Condensation and Hydrolysis Reactions –
Polymers are formed from monomers through condensation reactions.
Condensation reactions can form a
bond between two monomers,
forming a dimer. A molecule of water is
also formed as a product though the
grouping of a hydroxyl -OH from one
monomer and a hydrogen -H from
another monomer.
Condensation reaction – Chemical process in which two molecules combine to form a more complex
molecule with the removal of water.
Polymers are broken down into
individual monomers by hydrolysis
reactions.
Hydrolysis reactions require water in
order to break the bond between the
monomers.
Hydrolysis reaction – Chemical process in
which larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules with the addition of water.
Biology
As Level (Year 1)
AQA
, 2
INDEX
Biological Molecules 64. Prokaryotic & Viral Replication
3. Monomers & Polymers Immunity
5. Monosaccharides & Disaccharides 65. Immune Defences
8. Polysaccharides 67. Immune Responses
10. General Properties of Proteins 71. Antigens and Antibodies
14. Enzymes 75. Vaccines
19. Fats Exchange of Substances
22. Tests for Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins 77. Exchange Surfaces
Nucleic Acid 79. Lungs
24. Structure of DNA & RNA 81. Ventilation
27. DNA Replication 83. Gas Exchange
30. ATP 86. Xerophytes
32. Water 87. Digesting Foods
35. Inorganic Ions Mass Transport
Cells 90. Heart
36. Structure of Eukaryotic Cells 94. Mass Transport (Animals)
41. Prokaryotic Cells and Viruses 100. Mass Transport (Plants)
45. Cell Specialisation and Organisation Causes of Genetic Diversity
47. Methods of Studying Cells 106. Genetic Code
Cell Membranes 109. Transcription Translation
49. Cell Membranes 113. Meiosis
52. Passive Transport 116. Types of Variation
57. Active Transport 118. Selection
Cellular Growth and Division 121. Classification
60. Cell Cycle 124. Biodiversity
62. Mitosis 125. Calculating Biodiversity
126. Preserving Biodiversity
, 3
Monomers and Polymers
Biochemical basics of life –
A carbon atom can form a maximum number of four covalent bonds. This allows many carbon atoms to
be bonded together to form more complex molecules. Carbon commonly acts as a backbone for organic
(carbon-containing) molecules found in all living organisms.
Biological Molecules –
There are four main types of biological macromolecules.
Macromolecule Example Atomic
Composition
Carbohydrate Contain carbon,
hydrogen and
oxygen.
Lipids Contain carbon,
hydrogen and
oxygen.
Proteins Contain carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen and
sometimes sulphur.
Nucleic Acids Contain carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen and
phosphorus.
, 4
Monomers and Polymers –
Many biological macromolecules are polymers which are build up from repeating smaller building
blocks called monomers.
Polymers – Long chains that are composed of many induvial smaller monomers that have been bonded
together in a repeating pattern.
Carbohydrate made of monosaccharide monomers polymer is a polysaccharide.
Protein made of amino acid monomers polymer is a polypeptide.
Nucleic acid made of nucleotide monomers polymer is a polynucleotide.
Lipids are not polymers. These macromolecules are instead made up of a number of different base
units which are joined together in a non-repeating pattern.
Condensation and Hydrolysis Reactions –
Polymers are formed from monomers through condensation reactions.
Condensation reactions can form a
bond between two monomers,
forming a dimer. A molecule of water is
also formed as a product though the
grouping of a hydroxyl -OH from one
monomer and a hydrogen -H from
another monomer.
Condensation reaction – Chemical process in which two molecules combine to form a more complex
molecule with the removal of water.
Polymers are broken down into
individual monomers by hydrolysis
reactions.
Hydrolysis reactions require water in
order to break the bond between the
monomers.
Hydrolysis reaction – Chemical process in
which larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules with the addition of water.
