English has been embraced as lingua franca in in a wide scope of worldwide ventures and keeps on being the most
famous language to learn as a subsequent language. It one of widely spoken language throughout the decade.
Moreover, to keep a track of how English have influenced different languages in various countries, linguistics has
created different models analysing different Englishes.
One such model is Kachru’s Circles. Founded by the linguistic Braj Kachru in 1984, Kachru Circles explain the spread
and impact English had in different countries. It comprises of three concentric circles: Inner, Outer and Expanding
circles. Braj Kachru further suggests that concentric circles do not only shows the spread of English around the world
but also underlines “the concept of pluralism, linguistic heterogeneity, cultural diversity and the different theoretical
and methodological foundation for teaching and research in English”.
The inner circles include countries where English is considered as the native language. The nations associated with
the Inner Circle incorporate the USA, the UK, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. The varieties of English used here
are said to be ‘norm providing’ as the norms and rules of English were set by Inner circles. Furthermore, English
became the mother tongue of other inner circle countries is due colonization of British Empire which brought in
migrants of first diaspora English speakers from the UK. The colonization made indigenous languages to disappear
because of refusal of English speakers to learn a different language and over populous of migrants. Therefore, English
completely wiped of the native languages and set a standard of being dominant in those countries.
The outer circles comprise of countries where the spread of English in non-native settings due imperial expansion.
Most of the countries included in the Outer Circle are former colonies of the UK or the USA, such as Malaysia,
Singapore, India, Philippines, Ghana and Nigeria where English is considered as a second language. The English used
in outer circle is portrayed as ‘norm developing’ because it could adopt to native norms and develops their own
norms. In addition, since British Empire was developing new colonies, the motivated natives to study English by
introducing of an English educational system and trade. Ever since English became the official language, a localized
variation has steadily appeared like Chinglish and Hinglish which then influenced the original English.
The Expanding Circle applies to territories where English is taught as a foreign language and does not play a historic
or governmental role, but is commonly used as a means of international communication. The countries in the
Expanding Circle include China, Japan and Greece where English used is norm dependent. The people in these
countries study English due to contribution it has in science, aviation, computers, diplomacy, and tourism. As English
speaking countries are powerful, expertising in English gives a better chance to migrate to those countries or finding
famous language to learn as a subsequent language. It one of widely spoken language throughout the decade.
Moreover, to keep a track of how English have influenced different languages in various countries, linguistics has
created different models analysing different Englishes.
One such model is Kachru’s Circles. Founded by the linguistic Braj Kachru in 1984, Kachru Circles explain the spread
and impact English had in different countries. It comprises of three concentric circles: Inner, Outer and Expanding
circles. Braj Kachru further suggests that concentric circles do not only shows the spread of English around the world
but also underlines “the concept of pluralism, linguistic heterogeneity, cultural diversity and the different theoretical
and methodological foundation for teaching and research in English”.
The inner circles include countries where English is considered as the native language. The nations associated with
the Inner Circle incorporate the USA, the UK, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. The varieties of English used here
are said to be ‘norm providing’ as the norms and rules of English were set by Inner circles. Furthermore, English
became the mother tongue of other inner circle countries is due colonization of British Empire which brought in
migrants of first diaspora English speakers from the UK. The colonization made indigenous languages to disappear
because of refusal of English speakers to learn a different language and over populous of migrants. Therefore, English
completely wiped of the native languages and set a standard of being dominant in those countries.
The outer circles comprise of countries where the spread of English in non-native settings due imperial expansion.
Most of the countries included in the Outer Circle are former colonies of the UK or the USA, such as Malaysia,
Singapore, India, Philippines, Ghana and Nigeria where English is considered as a second language. The English used
in outer circle is portrayed as ‘norm developing’ because it could adopt to native norms and develops their own
norms. In addition, since British Empire was developing new colonies, the motivated natives to study English by
introducing of an English educational system and trade. Ever since English became the official language, a localized
variation has steadily appeared like Chinglish and Hinglish which then influenced the original English.
The Expanding Circle applies to territories where English is taught as a foreign language and does not play a historic
or governmental role, but is commonly used as a means of international communication. The countries in the
Expanding Circle include China, Japan and Greece where English used is norm dependent. The people in these
countries study English due to contribution it has in science, aviation, computers, diplomacy, and tourism. As English
speaking countries are powerful, expertising in English gives a better chance to migrate to those countries or finding
