CARBOHYDRATE
Carbohydrates are hydrates of carbon - composed of carbon and
water and have a composition of (CH2 O)n
saccharides are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, that is ,they
are molecules with more than one hydroxyl group[-OH] and a
carbonyl group [c=o] either at the terminal carbon atom [aldose]
or the second carbon atom [ketose]
Glucose
•Mild sweet flavor
Fructose
•Sweetest sugar • Most have a sweet taste
•Found in fruits and honey
• Solids at room temperature
Galactose
• Hardly tastes sweet • Extremely soluble in water
• Hydrolysis of lactose
Classification of carbohydrates
Sucrose= Glucose + fructose alpha (1-2) link. No potential aldehyde or keto group. Hence non
reducing
Maltose= glucose + glucose alpha 1-4 link (Anomeric carbon of 1 glucose is free hence it can reduce)
Lactose= Glucose + galactose Beta 1-4 link (The anomeric carbon of the bond comes from galactose.
The anomeric carbon of glucose is free hence it can reduce)
, CARBOHYDRATE
D/L enantiomers
Monosaccharides form epimers
stereoisomers which are differing in its configuration at
only one chiral carbon atom are called as Epimers.
For example, glucose and galactose are Epimers of
each other.
Hexoses form cyclic structures (cyclization)- forms anomers
(Alpha and beta)
Carbohydrates are hydrates of carbon - composed of carbon and
water and have a composition of (CH2 O)n
saccharides are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, that is ,they
are molecules with more than one hydroxyl group[-OH] and a
carbonyl group [c=o] either at the terminal carbon atom [aldose]
or the second carbon atom [ketose]
Glucose
•Mild sweet flavor
Fructose
•Sweetest sugar • Most have a sweet taste
•Found in fruits and honey
• Solids at room temperature
Galactose
• Hardly tastes sweet • Extremely soluble in water
• Hydrolysis of lactose
Classification of carbohydrates
Sucrose= Glucose + fructose alpha (1-2) link. No potential aldehyde or keto group. Hence non
reducing
Maltose= glucose + glucose alpha 1-4 link (Anomeric carbon of 1 glucose is free hence it can reduce)
Lactose= Glucose + galactose Beta 1-4 link (The anomeric carbon of the bond comes from galactose.
The anomeric carbon of glucose is free hence it can reduce)
, CARBOHYDRATE
D/L enantiomers
Monosaccharides form epimers
stereoisomers which are differing in its configuration at
only one chiral carbon atom are called as Epimers.
For example, glucose and galactose are Epimers of
each other.
Hexoses form cyclic structures (cyclization)- forms anomers
(Alpha and beta)
