51. In a control group, which of the following is NOT a way people are similar to the experimental group?
a. They have been exposed to the independent variable, but have been told they are receiving
a placebo.
b. They are not exposed to the dependent variable at all.
c. They have not been exposed to the independent variable, but have been told they are
receiving a placebo.
d. They are not exposed to the independent variable at all.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 107 BLM: Remember
52. A child is having temper tantrums at home, at school, and at his grandparents’ house. After working
with the parents for a while, the therapist believes that the child is being rewarded for his tantrums in
each setting because his teacher, parents, and grandparents generally give him what he wants just to
make him stop yelling. The therapist devises a plan to stop his tantrums but implements the plan at
home first, at school the following week, and at the grandparents’ home several weeks later. From a
research perspective, what is this strategy an example of?
a. multiple baseline
b. repeated measures
c. withdrawal method
d. placebo control
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 108 BLM: Higher Order
53. Approximately how many genes were discovered in the human genome project?
a. 10 000
b. 25 000
c. 75 000
d. 125 000
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 109 BLM: Remember
,54. What does ―phenotype‖ refer to?
a. hidden characteristics
b. cognitive influences
c. observable characteristics
d. environmental influences
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 109 BLM: Remember
55. Unlike her mother, Mary has bright red hair; however, Mary’s maternal grandmother has the same
colour of hair. In other words, grandmother and granddaughter look alike. What is exemplified by the
fact that Mary does not look like her mother but she looks like her maternal grandmother?
a. endophenotypes
b. phenotype
c. genotype
d. proband types
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 109 BLM: Higher Order
56. Which of the following genetic mechanisms contributes to the underlying problems that cause the
difficulties experienced by people with psychological disorders?
a. electrolytes
b. phenotypes
c. endophenotypes
d. genotypes
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 109 BLM: Remember
57. What is one reason that we can expect rapid increases in our understanding of the genetic influences of
psychopathology over the next several years?
a. the new brain-scanning technology
b. the discovery of the double helix
c. the recent availability of fast, high-tech computers
d. the success of the human genome project
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 109 BLM: Remember
58. Family studies are often used to help determine whether a psychological disorder has a genetic
component. Which of the following patterns is typical for a disorder that is influenced by genetics?
a. Siblings of the person with the disorder will almost always have the same or similar
disorders, and cousins are more likely than the general public to have the disorders.
b. Siblings will almost always have the same or similar disorders, while cousins may have a
similar rate of the disorder as the general public.
c. Siblings of the person with the disorder are more likely than cousins to have the disorder,
and cousins are more likely to have the disorder than the general public.
d. Siblings of the person with the disorder are more likely to have the disorder than cousins,
and cousins are just as likely to have the disorder as the general public.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 109 BLM: Higher Order
4-2
, 59. What do genetic researchers examine in family studies?
a. genetic influences on family behavioural patterns
b. the genetic mapping of a disorder across relatives of the proband
c. environmental influences on the genotype
d. a behavioural pattern or emotional trait in the context of the family
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 109 BLM: Remember
60. Which of the following makes it difficult to determine the genetic components of psychological
disorders by using family studies?
a. physical similarities
b. shared genes
c. the same socioeconomic conditions
d. the fact that they live together
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 109 BLM: Remember
61. Why are adoption studies often used when attempting to study the influence of genetic factors on
psychological disorders?
a. because they allow examination of genetic influences of psychopathology using more
sophisticated statistical techniques
b. because they allow examination of genetic influences of psychopathology without the
typical confound of having siblings raised in the same environment
c. because they allow examination of genetic influences of psychopathology without the
typical confound of common biological parents
d. because they allow examination of genetic influences of psychopathology through direct
examination of genetic causes
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 110 BLM: Higher Order
62. Two monozygotic twins are raised in very different environments. One is adopted into a loving,
healthy environment and the other is raised in a war-ravaged country where food, safety, and family
support are hard to find. Compared to the child raised in the war-ravaged country, the child raised in
the healthy environment will most likely be which of the following?
a. significantly taller and less likely to have psychological problems
b. psychically weaker, but likely less likely to have psychological problems
c. quite similar in almost every way
d. about the same height but less likely to have psychological problems
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 111 BLM: Higher Order
63. Given what we know about the effects of genes and the environment, which of the following pairs of
children would be expected to be most similar in terms of overall personality, psychological disorders,
and intelligence?
a. biological siblings, each adopted immediately after birth, one raised in Vancouver and the
other raised in Toronto
b. dizygotic twins, one raised in a wealthy family living in a modern city and the other raised
in poverty in a developing nation
c. biological siblings raised in the same home
d. adopted children from different biological families raised in the same home
4-3
a. They have been exposed to the independent variable, but have been told they are receiving
a placebo.
b. They are not exposed to the dependent variable at all.
c. They have not been exposed to the independent variable, but have been told they are
receiving a placebo.
d. They are not exposed to the independent variable at all.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 107 BLM: Remember
52. A child is having temper tantrums at home, at school, and at his grandparents’ house. After working
with the parents for a while, the therapist believes that the child is being rewarded for his tantrums in
each setting because his teacher, parents, and grandparents generally give him what he wants just to
make him stop yelling. The therapist devises a plan to stop his tantrums but implements the plan at
home first, at school the following week, and at the grandparents’ home several weeks later. From a
research perspective, what is this strategy an example of?
a. multiple baseline
b. repeated measures
c. withdrawal method
d. placebo control
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 108 BLM: Higher Order
53. Approximately how many genes were discovered in the human genome project?
a. 10 000
b. 25 000
c. 75 000
d. 125 000
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 109 BLM: Remember
,54. What does ―phenotype‖ refer to?
a. hidden characteristics
b. cognitive influences
c. observable characteristics
d. environmental influences
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 109 BLM: Remember
55. Unlike her mother, Mary has bright red hair; however, Mary’s maternal grandmother has the same
colour of hair. In other words, grandmother and granddaughter look alike. What is exemplified by the
fact that Mary does not look like her mother but she looks like her maternal grandmother?
a. endophenotypes
b. phenotype
c. genotype
d. proband types
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 109 BLM: Higher Order
56. Which of the following genetic mechanisms contributes to the underlying problems that cause the
difficulties experienced by people with psychological disorders?
a. electrolytes
b. phenotypes
c. endophenotypes
d. genotypes
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 109 BLM: Remember
57. What is one reason that we can expect rapid increases in our understanding of the genetic influences of
psychopathology over the next several years?
a. the new brain-scanning technology
b. the discovery of the double helix
c. the recent availability of fast, high-tech computers
d. the success of the human genome project
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 109 BLM: Remember
58. Family studies are often used to help determine whether a psychological disorder has a genetic
component. Which of the following patterns is typical for a disorder that is influenced by genetics?
a. Siblings of the person with the disorder will almost always have the same or similar
disorders, and cousins are more likely than the general public to have the disorders.
b. Siblings will almost always have the same or similar disorders, while cousins may have a
similar rate of the disorder as the general public.
c. Siblings of the person with the disorder are more likely than cousins to have the disorder,
and cousins are more likely to have the disorder than the general public.
d. Siblings of the person with the disorder are more likely to have the disorder than cousins,
and cousins are just as likely to have the disorder as the general public.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 109 BLM: Higher Order
4-2
, 59. What do genetic researchers examine in family studies?
a. genetic influences on family behavioural patterns
b. the genetic mapping of a disorder across relatives of the proband
c. environmental influences on the genotype
d. a behavioural pattern or emotional trait in the context of the family
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 109 BLM: Remember
60. Which of the following makes it difficult to determine the genetic components of psychological
disorders by using family studies?
a. physical similarities
b. shared genes
c. the same socioeconomic conditions
d. the fact that they live together
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 109 BLM: Remember
61. Why are adoption studies often used when attempting to study the influence of genetic factors on
psychological disorders?
a. because they allow examination of genetic influences of psychopathology using more
sophisticated statistical techniques
b. because they allow examination of genetic influences of psychopathology without the
typical confound of having siblings raised in the same environment
c. because they allow examination of genetic influences of psychopathology without the
typical confound of common biological parents
d. because they allow examination of genetic influences of psychopathology through direct
examination of genetic causes
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 110 BLM: Higher Order
62. Two monozygotic twins are raised in very different environments. One is adopted into a loving,
healthy environment and the other is raised in a war-ravaged country where food, safety, and family
support are hard to find. Compared to the child raised in the war-ravaged country, the child raised in
the healthy environment will most likely be which of the following?
a. significantly taller and less likely to have psychological problems
b. psychically weaker, but likely less likely to have psychological problems
c. quite similar in almost every way
d. about the same height but less likely to have psychological problems
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 111 BLM: Higher Order
63. Given what we know about the effects of genes and the environment, which of the following pairs of
children would be expected to be most similar in terms of overall personality, psychological disorders,
and intelligence?
a. biological siblings, each adopted immediately after birth, one raised in Vancouver and the
other raised in Toronto
b. dizygotic twins, one raised in a wealthy family living in a modern city and the other raised
in poverty in a developing nation
c. biological siblings raised in the same home
d. adopted children from different biological families raised in the same home
4-3
