NR 283 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE / NR283 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE (LATEST VERSION 1, 2021) | VERIFIED, 100 % CORRECT

NR 283 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE

Chapter One

Atrophy:
 Decrease in the size of cells
 Results in reduced tissue mass
 Common causes: reduced use of the tissue, insufficient nutrition, decrease
neurologic or hormonal stimulation, aging

Hypertrophy:
 Increase in cell size
 Results in enlarged tissue mass
 Causes: additional work by the tissue, excessive hormonal stimulation

Hyperplasia:
 Increased number of cells
 Results in enlarged tissue mass
 Causes: compensatory mechanism to meet increased demand, or pathologic
when there is a hormonal imbalance

Metaplasia:
 Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
 Adaptive mechanism that provided more resistance tissue

Dysplasia:
 Cells vary in size and shape within a tissue
 Chronic irritation infection, or it may be a precancerous change

Anaplasia:
 Undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear and cell structures
 Characteristic of cancer

Neoplasia:
 New growth
 Commonly called tumor

Aptosis:

,  Normal; refers to programmed cell death

Causes of cell death:
 Ischemia and hypoxia
 Physical damage
 Mechanical damage
 Chemical damage
 Microorganisms/pathogens
 Abnormal metabolites
 Nutritional deficiency
 Fluid imbalance

Ischemia:
 Most common cause of cell death
 Decreased supply of oxygenated blood to a tissue or organ due to circulation
obstruction

Hypoxia:
 Reduced oxygen in tissues
 Result insufficient oxygen and reduced cellular metabolism


Physical Cell Damage:
 Excessive heat or cold
 Radiation exposure

Mechanical Cell Damage:
 Pressure or tearing of tissue

Chemical Toxins:
 Exogenous: from the environment
 Endogenous: from inside the body

Stages of Cell Damage:
 Reversible: alteration of metabolic reaction, temporary loss of function
 Irreversible: cell dies

Necrosis:
 Group of cells die

, Gangrene:
 Area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria



Chapter Twenty


Differentiation:
 Each cell type differentiates and carries out particular functions
 The structure reflects the function of the tissue

Benign:
 Have tissue name plus the suffix –oma
 Differentiated cells that reproduce at a higher rate than normal
 Encapsulated
 Tissue damage




Malignant:
 Have the tissue name plus the suffix –carcinoma
 Sarcomas: tumor of the connective tissue... Often malignant
 Undifferentiated, nonfunctional cells
 Rapid reproduction
 Infiltrate and spread to surrounding tissue
 Spread to different sites

Warning Signs of Cancer:
 Unsual bleeding or discharge anywhere in the body
 Change in bowel or bladder habits
 Change in wart or mole
 A sore that does not heal
 Unexplained weight loss
 Anemia, low hemoglobin and persistent fatigue
 Persistent cough or hoarseness without reason
 A solid lump; in the breast/testes, or anywhere in the body

Local Effects of Tumors: