A&P 1 101 Pre Exam Answers of All Modules - Final exam practice questions and answers

A&P 1 101 Pre Exam Answers of All Modules- Final exam practice questions and answers 1. Describe the position of the epigastric region relative to the umbilical region in anatomical position terms. Use a full sen- tence for your description 2. Which anatomical action is occurring at the elbow joint, in the direction of the arrow? 3. Look at the figure below. The right femur is moved in the direction of the arrow. What anatomical action term best describes this movement? Matching: A. Emphysema B. Pleurisy C. Pulmonary edema D. Cystic Fibrosis Answer the following two questions: 1. Explain why a patient with liver disease would have intolerance to fatty foods. 2. Explain in detail how the stomach contents enter the small intestine. Label the diagram below, including left or right. Discuss the purpose of tooth (B). Purpose of tooth type B: Flat molars for crushing food 1. Label the following bone landmarks: B:Supraspinatus fossa 1. Yellow bone marrow: A. is found primarily in long bones. B. is found primarily in short and flat bones. C. is found primarily in newborns, not adults. D. produces red blood cells. 2. The diaphysis of a bone: A. is found at the ends of long bones. B. contains the articular cartilage at joint articulations. C. contains the proximal epiphysis. D. is the center length of a bone. E. both A. and C. 3. Compact bone: A. forms the exterior of bones. B. forms the interior of bones. C. is lighter than spongy bone. D. contains numerous bars and plates with irregular spaces. E. both B. and D. 4. Intramembranous ossification is the formation of from : A. a growth plate; the center of a bone. B. long bones; hyaline cartilage. C. flat bones; connective tissue. D. a primary ossification center; a cartilaginous disc. E. both A. and C. 5. What term best describes the type of fracture pictured below? Greenstick (the bone is broken, but not all the way across) Answer the following five short-answer questions: 1. Tendons connect which types of tissue? 2. Acetylcholine is what type of substance? 3. During a muscle contraction which protein myofilament contains cross-bridges? 4. What is the name of the thick myofilament? 5. What must occur for a muscle contraction to stop? Describe how acetylcholine, sodium ions and calcium ions work together to enable a muscle contraction. 1. Explain the concept of negative feedback and how it helps to maintain homeostasis. Matching each of the following conditions with the one best explanation (1-5): 1. Jet Lag 2. Pituitary dwarf 3. Acromegaly 4. Inflammation 5. Tetany 1. Identify the region and the layer of skin that is highlighted in blue. (Also indicated by the arrow, below) *NOTE: To receive full credit you must label two regions. • Stratum granulosum; Epidermis 2. A- Identify the sensory cell receptor highlighted in blue, below, also indicated by the arrow. B- What sensory information is detected by this type of receptor? 1. All of the following are functions of skin except: A. Absorb UV rays B. Produce vitamin C C. Thermoregulation D. Protection for underlying tissues 2. The thickest region of the dermis is the: A. Reticular B. Papillary C. Basement membrane D. Subcutaneous E. None of the above are layers of the dermis 3. The hypodermis is comprised mainly of: A. Adipocytes B. Reticular cells C. Dermatomes D. Sebaceous glands 4. What is a contusion? A. A third degree burn B. An infection in the epidermis C. Damage to a broken blood vessel D. Subcutaneous injection 5. Information from a dermatome travels to: A. The brain B. A hair follicle C. A gland D. The skin Module 1 Answers All multiple choice questions have one answer unless otherwise specified. Choose the best response to the question with the information provided. 1. What is the study of the structure of the human body? A. Anatomy B. Physiology C. Anabolism D. Catabolism E. Metabolism 2. The liver is an example of the organ level of organization in the human body 3. What is the breakdown of nutrients? A. Anatomy B. Physiology C. Anabolism D. Catabolism E. Metabolism 1. List the four basic types of tissues. • Epithelium, muscle, connective, and nervous tissue 2. List the three layers of the skin in order from deep to superficial. The deepest layer of the skin should be at the top of your list. To receive credit the layers must be in this order. • hypodermis (inner, also called subcutaneous tissue layer) • dermis (middle layer) • epidermis (outer layer) *MUST be in this order (top to bottom) to receive credit 3. Testosterone contributes to muscle strength and bone mass. Based upon your learning of metabolism, would it be consid- ered an anabolic or catabolic hormone? Explain why. • Anabolic because it is building new tissues from smaller cells and using energy to do so. Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. All multiple choice questions have one answer unless otherwise specified. Choose the best response to the question with the information provided. 1. What anatomical orientation term is used to indicate "toward the front of the body"? A. Superior B. Inferior C. Ventral D. Dorsal E. Medial 2. What anatomical orientation term is used to indicate "toward the upper part of a structure"? A. Superior B. Inferior C. Ventral D. Dorsal E. Medial 3. What anatomical orientation term is used to indicate "away from the head end"? 4. What anatomical orientation term is used to indicate "further from the origin of the body part"? 5. You are looking at a diagram of a patient standing in anatomical position. On the sheet of paper containing the dia- gram, which thumb points to the left side of the paper, right or left? Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. All multiple choice questions have one answer unless otherwise specified. Choose the best response to the question with the information provided. 1. Are the arms part of the axial or appendicular region of the body? 2. A patient is standing in anatomical position. The patient moves his hand to scratch his nose. What anatomical action term is best used to indicate the motion occurring at his elbow? A. Flexion B. Extension C. Elevation D. Depression E. Abduction 3. What anatomical action term is used to indicate "movement away from midline"? A. Flexion B. Extension C. Elevation D. Depression E. Abduction Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. All multiple choice questions have one answer unless otherwise specified. Choose the best response to the question with the information provided. 1. Describe the position of the diaphragm in relation to the thoracic cavity in anatomical position terms. Use a full sen- tence for your description. 2. Which anatomical action is occurring at the elbow joint, in the direction of the arrow? 3. Look at the figure below. The right femur is moved in the direction of the arrow. What anatomical action term best describes this movement? Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. All multiple choice questions have one answer unless otherwise specified. Choose the best response to the question with the information provided. 1. List two organs contained in the pelvic cavity. • 2. True or False: The ventral body cavity contains the cranial cavity, the thoracic cavity, and the abdominal cavity. If your answer is false, rephrase the statement to make it a true statement. 1. The body is divided into superior and inferior sections by what type of plane? 2. A sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline is referred to as what type of plane? 3. Look at the diagram below. What type of plane is shown? 1. Using the letters given, match the cell with the type of solution it has been placed in: • A cell beginning to shrink- • A red blood cell placed in distilled (purified) water- • A cell neither shrinking or swelling - 2. Using the letters given, match each molecule/item with its typical means of entering a cell. You will need to use some means of entry more than once. • Lipid insoluble molecules • Other cells • Water • Carbon Dioxide 3. Which one of the following is not true of active transport? A. The sodium-potassium pump is an example B. Additional energy is needed to drive this process C. Active transport moves particles with the concentration gradient D. Active transport requires carrier proteins. 4. List the three organelles, in order, involved in the synthesis, transport and shipping of proteins. A. ribosomes, rough ER, Golgi complex B. rough ER, Golgi complex, lysosomes C. ribosomes, smooth ER, Golgi complex D. rough ER, Golgi complex, vacuole 1. Label the 5 organelles listed below: 2. True or False? a. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ADP. (T or F) a. (ATP is produced, not ADP) b. Peripheral proteins are found on the outer surface of a cell membrane. (T or F) b. (Peripheral proteins can be found on the outer or inner surface, but do not span across the entire membrane). c. Exocytosis is the process that occurs to bring biomacromolecules inside the cell. (T or F) c. (This process is called endocytosis) d. Receptor-mediated endocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell membrane to bring about changes within the cell proteins. (T or F) d. e. Endocytosis is a passive process. It does not require cellular energy expenditure.(T or F) e. (Endocytosis is an ac- tive process and requires cellular energy) 1. In your own words, discuss Tay-Sachs disease. What organelle within the cell is impacted? What are the symptoms of the disease and why do they occur? 2. You are observing two cells under the microscope. They are the same type of eukaryotic cell but one appears much larger. Based on appearance alone, which one would you expect to be carrying out respiration at a more active rate, the larger or smaller cell? Explain why. Module 2 Answers 1. How many lobes does the right human lung have? Three Lobes 2. Air (and not food) pass in which of the following areas: A. Esophagus B. Nasopharynx C. Oropharynx D. Both A. and C. 3. Rings of cartilage line much of the respiratory tract. In which of one the following would cartilage NOT be found? A. Trachea B. Larynx C. Bronchioles D. Alveoli Label the following five items from the diagram: 1. Explain what happens to the soft palate during swallowing. Why? 2. Explain at least two differences between Type I and Type II alveolar cells. . 1. Positive pressure is used to move air into the lungs. 2. During inhalation the diaphragm contracts to pull the lungs open. 3. During inhalation the rib cage is lowered pull the lungs open. 4. As the thoracic cavity expands and lung volume increases, the density of the gases filling the lungs increases. 5. As the rib cage expands during inhalation, air will naturally flow into the lungs. Answer the following five multiple choice questions: 1. According to Charles's Law gas volume is: A. Indirectly proportional to its temperature B. Directly proportional to its pressure C. Directly proportional to its temperature D. Indirectly proportional to its pressure 2. Which one of the following tracheal cartilages are paired? A. Thyroid B. Cricoid C. Arytenoid D. Epiglottal E. Hyaline 3. Which one of the following is not true of the pleurae? A. The pleurae are membranes that cover surfaces B. Parietal pleurae cover the surfaces surrounding the lungs C. Visceral pleurae cover the diaphragm D. A healthy pleural cavity is nearly empty of air or fluid 4. Which one of the following is not true of the bronchioles? A. Bronchioles can contain respiratory epithelium B. Bronchioles can contain simple squamous cells C. Bronchioles can contain fossae and mucus D. Bronchioles contain cartilage and goblet cells E. Bronchioles can contain cilia and mucus 5. Which one of the following is true of the respiratory physiology calculations? (You may find it helpful to draw the respi- ratory physiology diagram on a piece of scratch paper to help you answer this question.) A. Vital Capacity (VC) =TLC + RV B. Total Lung Capacity (TLC) =IRV + TV C. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) = TV- IRV D. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) = RV+ERV 1. The gas-exchange region in the lungs must be dry, thin and large. - 2. During inhalation, negative pressure draws air into the lungs. 3. During exhalation, the diaphragm rises. 4. Because of diffusion, oxygen naturally moves out of the blood and into the lungs. 5. Each red blood cell contains from 10-100 molecules of hemoglobin. Matching: • Smoking is often the cause of this disease. • • With this disease, mucus clogs the respiratory tract. - • This condition results in fluid-filled alveoli. – • This is inflammation of the pleurae. - 1. The pressure of three gases equals 1 atmosphere. What is the partial pressure of oxygen (in mmHG) if nitrogen is 300 mmHg and carbon dioxide is 350 mmHg? To receive full credit you must show your work. 2. Why would warming air be beneficial to gas exchange? 3. Explain why incomplete ventilation is important for effective gas exchange. Answer the following three questions: 1. From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are: A. Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles B. Bronchioles, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi C. Tertiary bronchi, secondary bronchi, primary bronchi, bronchioles D. Secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, primary bronchi, bronchioles 2. In gas exchange (external respiration): A. Carbon dioxide diffuses from alveoli into capillaries, oxygen diffuses from capillaries into alveoli B. Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into capillaries, carbon dioxide diffuses from capillaries into alveoli C. Oxygen and carbon dioxide is carried from alveoli into the bronchioles D. Oxygen is chemically transformed into carbon dioxide within the alveoli 3. The purpose of these cells are the primary immune defense of the alveoli: A. Type I alveolar cells B. Type II alveolar cells C. Surfactant D. Alveolar macrophages 1. Emphysema is a disease which causes air to become trapped in the lungs upon exhalation. If a patient is diagnosed with em- physema: 1) Which of the following pulmonary function values would be abnormally high? 2) Explain your answer. A. Inspiratory Reserve Volume B. Expiratory Reserve Volume increases C. Residual Volume decreases Module 3 Answers 1. Explain why someone who has hypergastrinemia (excessive secretion of gastrin) might develop gastric/stomach ulcers. 2. Fill in the four blanks: Food enters the stomach from the via the sphincter. Food exits the stomach via the sphincter into the Look carefully at the diagram below. Label the following 5 organs of the digestive system. To receive credit for the intestines you must label the specific region. 1. A patient is experiencing vitamin toxicity. What type of vitamin would be causing this toxicity? Explain your answer. 2. Explain which digestive system functions are carried out by the small intestine. 1. Describe parietal cells and chief cells: name their location, secretions and purposes. 1. Match the digestive organ with the one substance it produces: (4 points): Pancreas - Liver - Mouth- 2. What is the purpose of the hormone Ghrelin? A. Increase hunger, decrease satiety B. Increase hunger, increase satiety C. Decrease hunger, increase satiety D. Decrease hunger, decrease satiety 3. Which of the following statements is false? A. Taste buds are located on the surface of the mouth and the wall of the pharynx. B. The ileocecal valve controls the entrance of chyme into to the small intestine. C. The gall bladder, teeth, and tongue are considered accessory organs to the digestive system. D. The alimentary canal is a continuous muscular tube, open at both ends. 1. Lipids can be divided into two categories: complete or incomplete. False 2. Catabolism combines smaller molecules to make larger molecules. False (Anabolism) 3. The oropharynx is the most superior region of the pharynx. False (The nasopharynx is the most superior region) 4. The pharynx has two types of skeletal muscle: circumferential and oblique. False (It does not include an oblique layer) 5. The oblique layer of the stomach churning food into smaller pieces is an example of mechanical digestion. True 1. Label the following three types of raised bumps on the tongue. Describe the purpose of type C.