BIOS 252 Unit 8 Final Exam STUDY GUIDE 2
Chapter 10:
1. Muscle properties and definitions
a. Electrical excitability- nerve impulses
b. Contractibility- ability to contract
c. Extensibility- ability to stretch without damage
d. Elasticity- ability to come back to original shape
2. Isometric contraction vs. isotonic contractions
a. Isometric- muscle has tension but does not change in length (holds book
straight and in place without moving it.)
b. Isotonic- tension is constant, muscle length changes**MUSCLES DO NOT
GO WIDE, ONLY SHORTEN OR LENGHTEN**
Chapter 11:
1. Steps in skeletal muscle contraction
a. From neuron voltage gated channel opens up, calcium comes in and triggers
the movement of vesicles carrying the ACTH to exocytose the neuron membrane
the neurotransmitter ACTH gets released into the synaptic cleft and lands on
the receptor sites on the muscle this opens ligand-gated sodium channels and
causes the muscle to move Because the muscle gets excited, the T-tubules are
also attached to them and when those get excited they open voltage gated
channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum that holds the calciumThe calcium
binds to the troponin exposing the actin sites for the myosin heads to get attached.
ATP helps give energy for the contraction cycle that moves the myosin heads,
attaches and detaches.
2. Definitions:
a. Origin- attachment to stationary bone
b. Insertion- the attachment to the movable bone
c. Antagonist- relaxes, stretches, yields to action of prime mover
d. Agonist- prime mover
3. Identification of parts of lever system
a. Effort- movement
b. Load- resistance or weight
c. Fulcrum- joint
In order for movement to happen, effort must overcome the load
i. Mechanical advantage= load is closer to fulcrum than effort
ii. Mechanical disadvantage= load is further away from fulcrum
iii. 1st class (EFL) think head moving up, E- neck muscle, F- atlas/axis, L-
load of head. 2nd class (ELF) think tiptoe, E- gastroconemic muscle, L-
, weight, F- joint in toes. 3rd class (FEL) think lifting arm, F- elbow
joint, E- bicep muscle, L book you are holding.
Chapter 12 7:20
1. EPSP vs. IPSP (neurotransmitter)
a. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials- depolarizing postsynaptic potential causing
sodium channels to open. The excitatory neurotransmitter type- acetylcholine
b. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials- hyperpolarizing postsynaptic potential- the
inhibitory neurotransmitter- GABA- CHANNEL OPENING IS CHLORIDE IN
OR POTASSIUM OUT
2. 11:35 Graded potentials vs. action potentials (location) pg. 424
a. GP-happen at dendrites and cell bodies.
b. AP-happens at trigger zone at axon hillock
3. 14:25 Neuroglial cells and functions (6 kinds, 4 CNS, 2 PNS)
a. Astrocytes- connects neuron to blood vessel, helps with environment and
nourishment also mediate (what goes in or out) the blood brain barrier
b. Microglial- acts as phagocytosis( comes from white blood cells)
c. Oligodendrocytes- makes myelin sheath, can not regenerate.
d. Ependymal- make spinal fluid
e. Schwann- makes mylen, able to regenerate because of nurolemma
f. Satellite supportive structure.
Chapter 13 22:10
1. Internal anatomy of spinal cord (which types of neurons go through them)
a. Anterior horn- descending tracts – efferent- motor and autonomic
b. Posterior horn- ascending tracts- afferent- sensory
c. Lateral horn- interneuron
2. Cervical enlargement (Part of body the nerves supply) – upper limbs, both sensory &
motor
3. Lumbar enlargement (Part of body the nerves supply)- lower limbs, both sensory &
motor
4. Autonomic nervous system (which effector to they control) sympathetic and
parasympethic, glands and smooth/cardiac muscle
5. Ascending tracts- afferent- sensory vs. Descending tracts- efferent- motor
6. 34:35 *Note: reflexes help control heart rate, digestion, blood pressure, and pupil size
Chapter 14 36:17
1. Meninges layer
a. Pia IN
b. Arachnoid MIDDLE
c. Dura OUT
2. Cranial nerves (number and function) OOOTTAFVGVAH
a. Olfactory- smell
Chapter 10:
1. Muscle properties and definitions
a. Electrical excitability- nerve impulses
b. Contractibility- ability to contract
c. Extensibility- ability to stretch without damage
d. Elasticity- ability to come back to original shape
2. Isometric contraction vs. isotonic contractions
a. Isometric- muscle has tension but does not change in length (holds book
straight and in place without moving it.)
b. Isotonic- tension is constant, muscle length changes**MUSCLES DO NOT
GO WIDE, ONLY SHORTEN OR LENGHTEN**
Chapter 11:
1. Steps in skeletal muscle contraction
a. From neuron voltage gated channel opens up, calcium comes in and triggers
the movement of vesicles carrying the ACTH to exocytose the neuron membrane
the neurotransmitter ACTH gets released into the synaptic cleft and lands on
the receptor sites on the muscle this opens ligand-gated sodium channels and
causes the muscle to move Because the muscle gets excited, the T-tubules are
also attached to them and when those get excited they open voltage gated
channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum that holds the calciumThe calcium
binds to the troponin exposing the actin sites for the myosin heads to get attached.
ATP helps give energy for the contraction cycle that moves the myosin heads,
attaches and detaches.
2. Definitions:
a. Origin- attachment to stationary bone
b. Insertion- the attachment to the movable bone
c. Antagonist- relaxes, stretches, yields to action of prime mover
d. Agonist- prime mover
3. Identification of parts of lever system
a. Effort- movement
b. Load- resistance or weight
c. Fulcrum- joint
In order for movement to happen, effort must overcome the load
i. Mechanical advantage= load is closer to fulcrum than effort
ii. Mechanical disadvantage= load is further away from fulcrum
iii. 1st class (EFL) think head moving up, E- neck muscle, F- atlas/axis, L-
load of head. 2nd class (ELF) think tiptoe, E- gastroconemic muscle, L-
, weight, F- joint in toes. 3rd class (FEL) think lifting arm, F- elbow
joint, E- bicep muscle, L book you are holding.
Chapter 12 7:20
1. EPSP vs. IPSP (neurotransmitter)
a. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials- depolarizing postsynaptic potential causing
sodium channels to open. The excitatory neurotransmitter type- acetylcholine
b. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials- hyperpolarizing postsynaptic potential- the
inhibitory neurotransmitter- GABA- CHANNEL OPENING IS CHLORIDE IN
OR POTASSIUM OUT
2. 11:35 Graded potentials vs. action potentials (location) pg. 424
a. GP-happen at dendrites and cell bodies.
b. AP-happens at trigger zone at axon hillock
3. 14:25 Neuroglial cells and functions (6 kinds, 4 CNS, 2 PNS)
a. Astrocytes- connects neuron to blood vessel, helps with environment and
nourishment also mediate (what goes in or out) the blood brain barrier
b. Microglial- acts as phagocytosis( comes from white blood cells)
c. Oligodendrocytes- makes myelin sheath, can not regenerate.
d. Ependymal- make spinal fluid
e. Schwann- makes mylen, able to regenerate because of nurolemma
f. Satellite supportive structure.
Chapter 13 22:10
1. Internal anatomy of spinal cord (which types of neurons go through them)
a. Anterior horn- descending tracts – efferent- motor and autonomic
b. Posterior horn- ascending tracts- afferent- sensory
c. Lateral horn- interneuron
2. Cervical enlargement (Part of body the nerves supply) – upper limbs, both sensory &
motor
3. Lumbar enlargement (Part of body the nerves supply)- lower limbs, both sensory &
motor
4. Autonomic nervous system (which effector to they control) sympathetic and
parasympethic, glands and smooth/cardiac muscle
5. Ascending tracts- afferent- sensory vs. Descending tracts- efferent- motor
6. 34:35 *Note: reflexes help control heart rate, digestion, blood pressure, and pupil size
Chapter 14 36:17
1. Meninges layer
a. Pia IN
b. Arachnoid MIDDLE
c. Dura OUT
2. Cranial nerves (number and function) OOOTTAFVGVAH
a. Olfactory- smell
