NR 283 EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE
(Chapters 9, 16, 17, 18, 25, & 28)
*Make sure that you understand all of the terms you are studying. *Ensure that you
understand all highlighted terms in each chapter.* Answer the question and
supplemental questions included with the original question
Chapter 9: Musculoskeletal System Disorders
1. What is the all-important process that takes place in the bone marrow?
a. New blood cells are produced by a process called hematopoiesis
2. What is the difference between red and yellow bone marrow?
- Yellow bone marrow (fatty) gradually replaces the red bone marrow in the
long bone.
a. Where does hematopoiesis occur?
i. Red bone marrow
b. Where is red marrow found in adults?
i. Cranium, bodies of the vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and ilia, long
bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones (the usual
sites of bone marrow aspiration)
3. What is the function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts?
- Osteoclasts are the reabsorption of the bone in accordance with the
various hormone levels and stress imposed on the bone. They both
provide homeostasis on the bone. Osteoclasts are derivatives of
macrophage progenitor cells.
- Osteoblasts produce new bone. Responsible for secreting the matrix of
the bone.
- Both depend on calcitonin and PTH (parathyroid hormone)
- Osteoblast (baby) comes before the osteoclast (b before c).
,4. What does bone resorption mean? Which cells do it?
- Bone resorption is resorption of bone tissue, that is, the processes by
which osteoclasts break down the tissue in bones and release the
minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone tissue to the blood.
- Done by Osteoclasts
5. What are the four basic functions of skeletal muscle?
a. To facilitate body movement by muscle contraction
b. To maintain body position by continuing muscle tone
c. To stabilize the joints and prevent excessive movement
d. To maintain body temperature by producing heat through muscle
contraction
6. What is the purpose of synovial fluid?
- Facilitates movement and prevents the articular cartilage on the 2 surfaces
from damaging each other and also provides nutrients to the articular
cartilage.
7. Describe each type of fracture:
a. Complete: Occurs when the bone is broken to form two or more
separate pieces
b. Incomplete: the bone is only partially broken
c. Open: results when skin is broken. Bone fragments may be angles
and protrude through the skin. More damage to soft tissue, including
the blood vessels and nerves. Higher risk for infection.
d. Closed: The skin is not broken at the fracture site.
e. Simple: A single break in the bone in which the bone ends maintain
their alignment and position.
f. Comminuted: There are multiple fracture lines and bone fragments.
, g. Compression: Common in the vertebrae, occurring when a bone is
crushed or collapses into small pieces.
h. Impacted: Occurs when one end of the bone is forced or telescoped
into the adjacent bone; for example, the neck of the femur is crushed
against the pelvis
i. Pathologic: Results from a weakness in the bone structure. The break
occurs spontaneously or with very little stress on the bone.
i. What is a common disease that is the cause of a pathologic
fracture?
1. Osteoporosis or tumors
j. Stress: (fatigue fractures) results from repeated excessive stress,
commonly in the tibia, femur, or second and third metatarsals.
i. What type of sport would this be common in?
1. Track and field, basketball, tennis, ballet and gymnastics
k. Depressed: Occurs in the skull when the broken section is forced
inward on the brain.
l. Transverse: A fracture across the bone.
m. Linear: A break along the axis of the bone.
n. Oblique: A break at an angle to the diaphysis of the bone.
o. Spiral: A break that angles around the bone, usually due to a twisting
injury.
8. What are the factors that affect healing of the bone?
- Muscle spasms, infection, ischemia, compartment syndrome (Extensive
inflammation after crushing injury), fat emboli (fatty marrow escapes the
bone marrow into a vein, occurs within first week after injury), Nerve
damage, failure to heal (nonunion) or healing with deformity (malunion),
fractures in or near the joint.
(Chapters 9, 16, 17, 18, 25, & 28)
*Make sure that you understand all of the terms you are studying. *Ensure that you
understand all highlighted terms in each chapter.* Answer the question and
supplemental questions included with the original question
Chapter 9: Musculoskeletal System Disorders
1. What is the all-important process that takes place in the bone marrow?
a. New blood cells are produced by a process called hematopoiesis
2. What is the difference between red and yellow bone marrow?
- Yellow bone marrow (fatty) gradually replaces the red bone marrow in the
long bone.
a. Where does hematopoiesis occur?
i. Red bone marrow
b. Where is red marrow found in adults?
i. Cranium, bodies of the vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and ilia, long
bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones (the usual
sites of bone marrow aspiration)
3. What is the function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts?
- Osteoclasts are the reabsorption of the bone in accordance with the
various hormone levels and stress imposed on the bone. They both
provide homeostasis on the bone. Osteoclasts are derivatives of
macrophage progenitor cells.
- Osteoblasts produce new bone. Responsible for secreting the matrix of
the bone.
- Both depend on calcitonin and PTH (parathyroid hormone)
- Osteoblast (baby) comes before the osteoclast (b before c).
,4. What does bone resorption mean? Which cells do it?
- Bone resorption is resorption of bone tissue, that is, the processes by
which osteoclasts break down the tissue in bones and release the
minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone tissue to the blood.
- Done by Osteoclasts
5. What are the four basic functions of skeletal muscle?
a. To facilitate body movement by muscle contraction
b. To maintain body position by continuing muscle tone
c. To stabilize the joints and prevent excessive movement
d. To maintain body temperature by producing heat through muscle
contraction
6. What is the purpose of synovial fluid?
- Facilitates movement and prevents the articular cartilage on the 2 surfaces
from damaging each other and also provides nutrients to the articular
cartilage.
7. Describe each type of fracture:
a. Complete: Occurs when the bone is broken to form two or more
separate pieces
b. Incomplete: the bone is only partially broken
c. Open: results when skin is broken. Bone fragments may be angles
and protrude through the skin. More damage to soft tissue, including
the blood vessels and nerves. Higher risk for infection.
d. Closed: The skin is not broken at the fracture site.
e. Simple: A single break in the bone in which the bone ends maintain
their alignment and position.
f. Comminuted: There are multiple fracture lines and bone fragments.
, g. Compression: Common in the vertebrae, occurring when a bone is
crushed or collapses into small pieces.
h. Impacted: Occurs when one end of the bone is forced or telescoped
into the adjacent bone; for example, the neck of the femur is crushed
against the pelvis
i. Pathologic: Results from a weakness in the bone structure. The break
occurs spontaneously or with very little stress on the bone.
i. What is a common disease that is the cause of a pathologic
fracture?
1. Osteoporosis or tumors
j. Stress: (fatigue fractures) results from repeated excessive stress,
commonly in the tibia, femur, or second and third metatarsals.
i. What type of sport would this be common in?
1. Track and field, basketball, tennis, ballet and gymnastics
k. Depressed: Occurs in the skull when the broken section is forced
inward on the brain.
l. Transverse: A fracture across the bone.
m. Linear: A break along the axis of the bone.
n. Oblique: A break at an angle to the diaphysis of the bone.
o. Spiral: A break that angles around the bone, usually due to a twisting
injury.
8. What are the factors that affect healing of the bone?
- Muscle spasms, infection, ischemia, compartment syndrome (Extensive
inflammation after crushing injury), fat emboli (fatty marrow escapes the
bone marrow into a vein, occurs within first week after injury), Nerve
damage, failure to heal (nonunion) or healing with deformity (malunion),
fractures in or near the joint.
