What is research?
Is the systematic means of problem solving
Scientific Research - Application of scientific method to the investigation of
relationships among natural phenomenon, or to solve a medical or technical problem.
Is the means by which researchers are able to make conclusive statements about
their studies with a minimum of bias.
Social Research - Research involving social scientific methods, theories and
concepts, which can enhance our understanding of the social processes and problems
encountered by individuals and groups in society.
- It is conducted by sociologists, psychologists, economists, political
scientists and anthropologists.
Interpretative Research - Focuses on analytically disclosing those meaning-making
practices, while showing how those practices configure to generate observable
outcomes.
Is an approach to research in the human sciences that recognizes the
paradigmatic character of all research.
Critical Research - Involves a formal analysis and evaluation of a text,
production, or performance.
Critiquing criteria are the standards, rules, or tests that serve as the bases
for judgments.
The goal of the research process is to produce new knowledge. This process takes
three main forms:
- Exploratory research, which structures and identifies new problems
- Constructive research, which develops solutions to a problem
- Empirical research, which tests the feasibility of a solution using empirical
evidence.
Research Paradigm.
Paradigm is an interpretative framework, which is guided by "a set of beliefs and
feelings about the world and how it should be understood and studied".
Can be listed into 3 categories:
- Ontology: Deals with our assumptions about how the world is made up and the
nature of things.
Study or concern about what kinds of things exist.
- Objective, explain independent external outcomes
- Constructive, understand how social factors interact
- Epistemology: Deals with our beliefs about how one might discover knowledge
about the world.
Study of our method of acquiring knowledge.
Explanation of how we think.
It encompasses the nature of concepts, the constructing of concepts, the
validity of the senses, logical reasoning, as well as thoughts, ideas,
memories, emotions, and all things mental.
It is concerned with how our minds are related to reality, and whether
these relationships are valid or invalid.
- Positivism, explain a phenomena
- Interpretative, understand a phenomena
The key elements of a proper Epistemology?
- Senses are used to gain information about the world.
- Reason is the method of gaining knowledge, and acquiring
understanding.
- Logic is the method of maintaining consistency within the set of
knowledge.
- Objectivity is the means of associating knowledge with reality to
determine its validity.
- Concepts are abstracts of specific details of reality, or of other
abstractions. A proper epistemology is a rational epistemology.
- Methodology: Deals with the tools and techniques of research
, Why must we understand research?
- Helps make informed decisions
- Need to produce research in career
- Evaluating research in the media
- Assist in classes
TERMINOLOGIES.
Science - A body of established knowledge. Involves the observation,
identification, investigation and theoretical explanation of natural phenomenon.
Usually the ultimate goal is theory generation and verification.
Theory - A set of inter-related constructs and propositions that specify
relations among variables to explain and predict phenomena.
It should be simple, consistent with observed relationships, tentative and
verifiable.
Scientific Method - Process or approach to generating valid and trustworthy
knowledge.
Research - A systematic process of collecting and logically analyzing information
(data). Basically the application of the scientific method
Research Methods (Methodology)- The ways one collects and analyzes data via
reliable and valid procedures.
Sampling - Is the split into research teams. Sampling methods include:
- Stage, Randomly select a group, then take sample e.g, A class in a school
- Random, All members of have an equal chance of selection e.g, A student in a
class
- Cluster, Select a natural group to sample from e.g, Local Community
- Stratified, identify strata and sample accordingly
- Systematic, e.g. every fourth person but starting at a random point
- Opportunity, sample a convenient group
Thesis - The original statement of an idea
Antithesis - An argument to challenge a previous thesis, often draws on new data
Synthesis - A new argument from existing sources. Typically, resolves the
apparent contradiction between a thesis and an antithesis
CHARACTERISTICS OF A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
A research should:
- Be Systematic i.e, Follows a research process
- Be Logical i.e, induction/deduction
- Be Empirical i.e, Is evidence based
- Be Reductive i.e, generalization
- Be Replicable i.e, methodology.
- Have a common objective
- Be Precise
- Be Verifiable
- Be Parsimonious
- Be Probabilistic
TYPES OF RESEARCH
- Trochim's Classifications
Descriptive e.g., percentage of regular exercisers
Relational e.g., link between age and exercise
Causal e.g., effect of behavior change intervention on exercise participation
- Basic vs. applied vs. evaluation
Applied Research - Applying the result of research finding to solve specific
problem happening in an organization.
The aim is to solve current problem
Basic Research - Enhancing the understanding of certain problem that commonly
occur in organization setting and seek method of solving them.
The aim is to generate knowledge, understand phenomena/problem that occur
Is the systematic means of problem solving
Scientific Research - Application of scientific method to the investigation of
relationships among natural phenomenon, or to solve a medical or technical problem.
Is the means by which researchers are able to make conclusive statements about
their studies with a minimum of bias.
Social Research - Research involving social scientific methods, theories and
concepts, which can enhance our understanding of the social processes and problems
encountered by individuals and groups in society.
- It is conducted by sociologists, psychologists, economists, political
scientists and anthropologists.
Interpretative Research - Focuses on analytically disclosing those meaning-making
practices, while showing how those practices configure to generate observable
outcomes.
Is an approach to research in the human sciences that recognizes the
paradigmatic character of all research.
Critical Research - Involves a formal analysis and evaluation of a text,
production, or performance.
Critiquing criteria are the standards, rules, or tests that serve as the bases
for judgments.
The goal of the research process is to produce new knowledge. This process takes
three main forms:
- Exploratory research, which structures and identifies new problems
- Constructive research, which develops solutions to a problem
- Empirical research, which tests the feasibility of a solution using empirical
evidence.
Research Paradigm.
Paradigm is an interpretative framework, which is guided by "a set of beliefs and
feelings about the world and how it should be understood and studied".
Can be listed into 3 categories:
- Ontology: Deals with our assumptions about how the world is made up and the
nature of things.
Study or concern about what kinds of things exist.
- Objective, explain independent external outcomes
- Constructive, understand how social factors interact
- Epistemology: Deals with our beliefs about how one might discover knowledge
about the world.
Study of our method of acquiring knowledge.
Explanation of how we think.
It encompasses the nature of concepts, the constructing of concepts, the
validity of the senses, logical reasoning, as well as thoughts, ideas,
memories, emotions, and all things mental.
It is concerned with how our minds are related to reality, and whether
these relationships are valid or invalid.
- Positivism, explain a phenomena
- Interpretative, understand a phenomena
The key elements of a proper Epistemology?
- Senses are used to gain information about the world.
- Reason is the method of gaining knowledge, and acquiring
understanding.
- Logic is the method of maintaining consistency within the set of
knowledge.
- Objectivity is the means of associating knowledge with reality to
determine its validity.
- Concepts are abstracts of specific details of reality, or of other
abstractions. A proper epistemology is a rational epistemology.
- Methodology: Deals with the tools and techniques of research
, Why must we understand research?
- Helps make informed decisions
- Need to produce research in career
- Evaluating research in the media
- Assist in classes
TERMINOLOGIES.
Science - A body of established knowledge. Involves the observation,
identification, investigation and theoretical explanation of natural phenomenon.
Usually the ultimate goal is theory generation and verification.
Theory - A set of inter-related constructs and propositions that specify
relations among variables to explain and predict phenomena.
It should be simple, consistent with observed relationships, tentative and
verifiable.
Scientific Method - Process or approach to generating valid and trustworthy
knowledge.
Research - A systematic process of collecting and logically analyzing information
(data). Basically the application of the scientific method
Research Methods (Methodology)- The ways one collects and analyzes data via
reliable and valid procedures.
Sampling - Is the split into research teams. Sampling methods include:
- Stage, Randomly select a group, then take sample e.g, A class in a school
- Random, All members of have an equal chance of selection e.g, A student in a
class
- Cluster, Select a natural group to sample from e.g, Local Community
- Stratified, identify strata and sample accordingly
- Systematic, e.g. every fourth person but starting at a random point
- Opportunity, sample a convenient group
Thesis - The original statement of an idea
Antithesis - An argument to challenge a previous thesis, often draws on new data
Synthesis - A new argument from existing sources. Typically, resolves the
apparent contradiction between a thesis and an antithesis
CHARACTERISTICS OF A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
A research should:
- Be Systematic i.e, Follows a research process
- Be Logical i.e, induction/deduction
- Be Empirical i.e, Is evidence based
- Be Reductive i.e, generalization
- Be Replicable i.e, methodology.
- Have a common objective
- Be Precise
- Be Verifiable
- Be Parsimonious
- Be Probabilistic
TYPES OF RESEARCH
- Trochim's Classifications
Descriptive e.g., percentage of regular exercisers
Relational e.g., link between age and exercise
Causal e.g., effect of behavior change intervention on exercise participation
- Basic vs. applied vs. evaluation
Applied Research - Applying the result of research finding to solve specific
problem happening in an organization.
The aim is to solve current problem
Basic Research - Enhancing the understanding of certain problem that commonly
occur in organization setting and seek method of solving them.
The aim is to generate knowledge, understand phenomena/problem that occur
