exam elaborations on substance use

14 Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. The DSM-5 authors have proposed combining the substance-related and impulse-control disorders into one new category called: A. addiction and related disorders. B. psychoactive disorders. C. drug-related disorders. D. drive-control disorders. 2. A substance is defined as any: A. drug that has psychedelic effects. B. over-the-counter prescription drug. C. product that could potentially create an addiction. D. natural or synthesized product that has psychoactive effects. 3. Which of the following observations is true of substance use in the United States? A. Substance use varies substantially across different demographic groups. B. About 90 percent of the U.S. population admits to having tried an illegal substance at some time in their life. C. Young adult substance usage increased in the late 1990s and peaked in the early years of the current decade. D. Among all ethnics groups, the propensity for substance abuse is highest among Asians. 4. Which of the following is a central nervous system depressant? A. Cocaine B. Nicotine C. Cannabis D. Alcohol 5. Which of the following is a central nervous system stimulant? A. Barbiturates B. Caffeine C. Phencyclidine D. Cannabis 6. _____ is a set of behavioral and psychological changes that occur as a result of the physiological effects of a substance on the central nervous system. A. Substance withdrawal B. Substance intoxication C. Substance abuse D. Substance dependence 7. _____ is a set of physiological and behavioral symptoms that result when people who have been using substances heavily for prolonged periods of time stop or greatly reduce their use. A. Substance withdrawal B. Substance intoxication C. Substance abuse D. Substance dependence8. Withdrawal symptoms associated with ____ is not a diagnostic category in the DSM-IV-TR or the DSM5. A. nicotine B. amphetamines C. barbiturates D. caffeine 9. Why is caffeine withdrawal not a diagnostic category in the DSM-IV-TR or the DSM-5? A. Caffeine is not considered a "substance." B. Caffeine withdrawal does not typically show any symptoms. C. The symptoms typically do not cause significant impairment. D. The symptoms typically are the opposite of those of intoxication. 10. The diagnosis of _____ is given in the DSM-IV-TR when a person's recurrent use of a substance results in significant harmful consequences. A. substance withdrawal B. substance abuse C. substance intoxication D. substance independence 11. Which of the following is one of the four categories of harmful consequences that suggest substance abuse? A. The individual fails to fulfill important obligations at work, home, or school as a result of substance use. B. The individual uses the substance only in situations in which it is not physically hazardous to do so. C. The individual stops using the substance because of legal problems in the past. D.The individual complains of symptoms of substance withdrawal which includes nervousness, headaches, and nausea. 12. The diagnosis of _____ in the DSM-IV-TR is closest to what people often refer to as drug addiction. A. substance withdrawal B. substance abuse C. substance intoxication D. substance dependence 13. _____ is present when a person experiences less effect from the same dose of a substance and needs more and more of it to achieve intoxication. A. Impulse-control disorder B. Behavioral undercontrol C. Tolerance D. Withdrawal 14. Hannibal began snorting cocaine about three years ago. He said the first high was the most astounding, exciting, mind-blowing experience he has ever had. However, he has never been able to recapture that initial euphoria, and now he needs more and more of the drug to get anywhere near to his first experience. Hannibal: A. has developed a tolerance to cocaine. B. has transferred his dependence to some other substance. C. is showing symptoms of withdrawal. D. is using cocaine that is of inferior quality. 15. Which of the following substances have relatively low risk for tolerance? A. Nicotine B. Alcohol C. Opioids D. Cannabis16. Which of the following observations is true? A. Physiological dependence is required for a diagnosis of substance dependence in the DSM-IV-TR. B. Physiological dependence sometimes is not evidence of tolerance or withdrawal. C. The diagnosis of substance dependence preempts the diagnosis of substance abuse. D. The diagnosis of substance abuse in the DSM-IV-TR is closest to what people often refer to as drug addiction. 17. The DSM-5 authors propose that substance abuse and dependence be combined into one diagnosis called: A. substance-use disorder. B. substance abuse disorder. C. substance dependence disorder. D. drug-related disorder. 18. The DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for substance-use disorder will include the continued use of substances despite negative social, occupational, and health consequences, as indicated in the DSM-IV-TR criteria for substance abuse, as well as evidence of tolerance or withdrawal. Which criterion was added to these by the DSM-5 authors because it is a common symptom of abuse and dependence? A. Marital discord B. Legal problems C. Craving the substance D. Stealing 19. The DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for substance-use disorder will include the continued use of substances despite negative social, occupational, and health consequences, as indicated in the DSM-IV-TR criteria for substance abuse. Why have the DSM-5 authors removed "legal problems" from this criterion? A. Because of its low prevalence. B. Because it falls inside the realm of regulation. C. Because substance-use disorder is not a criminal offense. D. Because the term has negative connotations. 20. Which term refers to alcohol induced amnesia for the events that occurred while one was intoxicated? A. Coma B. Deprivation C. Blackout D. Flash 21. Alcohol is considered a ____ because it ____. A. stimulant; makes people less inhibited in their behavior B. depressant; slows the central nervous system C. stimulant; activates the brain D. stimulant; activates the sex drive 22. Celeste went to a fraternity party on Saturday night and had too much to drink. Although the last thing she remembers is dancing with Paul, she does not recollect how she got home. Celeste is most likely experiencing: A. alcohol-induced dementia. B. delirium tremens. C. abstinence violation. D. a blackout. 23. Which of the following is cited as a reason why people in countries such as France show lower rates of alcohol-related substance disorders than do people in other countries? A. Alcohol is usually consumed with meals in France. B. Alcohol is freely available in France. C.The low blood-alcohol level for determining whether a person is under the influence of alcohol acts as a deterrent. D. Despite Americans' beliefs to the contrary, alcohol is not consumed in very large quantities in France.24. Most U.S. states consider a person to be under the influence of alcohol if his or her blood-alcohol level is _____ or above. A. 0.01 B. 0.15 C. 0.45 D. 0.08 25. People given the diagnosis of _____ in the DSM-IV-TR use alcohol in dangerous situations, fail to meet important obligations at work or at home, and have recurrent legal or social problems as a result of their alcohol use. A. alcohol intoxicated B. prone to withdrawal C. alcohol abuse D. alcohol dependence 26. Binge drinking is defined as consuming: A. different types of drinks in moderate quantities in one sitting. B. five or more drinks within a couple of hours. C. two to three drinks early in the morning. D. three or more drinks within a span of two hours. 27. Which of the following characterizes the first stage of alcohol withdrawal? A. Tremulousness, weakness, and profuse perspiration B. A blackout C. Convulsive seizures D. Auditory, visual, and tactile hallucinations 28. The second stage of alcohol withdrawal includes _____, which may begin as soon as 12 hours after drinking stops but more often appear(s) during the second or third day. A. delirium tremens B. a blackout C. convulsive seizures D. tactile hallucinations 29. The third stage of alcohol withdrawal is characterized by: A. convulsive seizures. B. blackouts. C. headache, nausea, and abdominal cramps. D. delirium tremens. 30. Which of the following is a typical characteristic of delirium tremens? A. Auditory hallucinations B. Convulsive seizures C. Shakes and jitters D. Hypothermia 31. Which of these is one of the most common medical conditions associated with alcohol misuse? A. Delirium tremens B. Low-grade hypertension C. Hyperthermia D. Collapse of the peripheral vascular system 32. Low-grade hypertension, combined with increases in the levels of triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein, puts alcohol abusers at increased risk for: A. diabetes. B. hypothermia. C. heart disease. D. brain hemorrhage.33. Which syndrome associated with "alcohol-induced persisting amnesic disorder" brings mental confusion and disorientation? A. Wernicke's encephalopathy B. Korsakoff's syndrome C. Alcohol-induced blackout D. Reward deficiency syndrome 34. Which syndrome associated with "alcohol-induced persisting amnesic disorder" includes memory loss for recent events and difficulty recalling distant ones? A. Wernicke's encephalopathy B. Korsakoff's syndrome C. Alcohol-induced dementia D. Reward deficiency syndrome 35. _____ is the loss of intellectual abilities, including memory, abstract thinking, judgment, and problem solving, often accompanied by personality changes such as increased paranoia. A. Wernicke's encephalopathy B. Korsakoff's syndrome C. Reward deficiency syndrome D. Alcohol-induced dementia 36. Which of the following contains antioxidants that can increase "good" cholesterol, along with other chemicals that can help prevent damage to blood vessels and reduce "bad" cholesterol, producing positive cardiac effects? A. Beer B. Red wine C. Whiskey D. Cognac 37. Which of the following helps explain low rates of alcohol consumption in Southeast Asia? A. Cultural prohibitions against alcohol B. Lower levels of education, and a greater sense of helplessness and hopelessness C. Absence in 50 percent of people of an enzyme that eliminates acetaldehyde D. Excessive rates of poverty and unemployment 38. Deaths related to alcohol are as much as five times more common among _____ than in the general U.S. population. A. African Americans B. Asian immigrants C. Hispanics D. Native Americans 39. Abuse of and dependence on alcohol: A. decline as people age. B. has no correlation with age. C. increase substantially as people age. D. increase marginally as people age. 40. Which of the following is a reason why abuse of and dependence on alcohol decline as people age? A. With age, the liver metabolizes alcohol at a faster rate. B. The increasing percentage of body water decreases the absorption of alcohol. C. Older people are financially more secure than younger ones. D. People who have used alcohol excessively may die before they reach old age.41. Which of the following are legally manufactured and sold by prescription, usually as sedatives for the treatment of anxiety and insomnia? A. Amphetamines B. Opioids C. Benzodiazepines D. Phencyclidine 42. _____ are volatile substances that produce chemical vapors, which can be inhaled and which depress the central nervous system. A. Barbiturates B. Amphetamines C. Opioids D. Inhalants 43. Which class of inhalants dilates blood vessels and relaxes muscles and is sometimes used as sex enhancers? A. Nitrites B. Solvents C. Anesthetic gases D. Aerosols 44. Which of the following observations is true? A. The greatest users of inhalants are older people. B. Asian teenagers appear to have the highest rates of inhalant use in the U.S. C. Males are more likely than females to use inhalants. D. Inhalant use is inherently harmless. 45. _____ may occur during inhalant use due to acute irregularities in heartbeat or loss of oxygen. A. Fight-or-flight response B. Sudden sniffing death C. Delirium tremens D. Intermittent explosive disorder 46. Which of the following is an example of a stimulant? A. Amphetamines B. Barbiturates C. Alcohol D. Nitrites 47. Cocaine prevents the reuptake of this chemical into the transmitting neuron, causing it to accumulate in the synapse and maintaining the pleasurable feeling associated with cocaine use. A. Serotonin B. Epinephrine C. Dopamine D. Prolactin 48. Which of the following makes cocaine more likely than most substances to lead to abuse and dependence? A. Its easy availability B. The absence of short-term health disorders C. Symptoms of fatigue and insomnia upon withdrawal D. Its rapid, strong effects on the brain's reward centers 49. Which of the following is true regarding freebase cocaine? A. It is less addictive than cocaine in its original form. B. People mostly snort it or inject it intravenously. C. It is usually smoked in a water pipe or mixed in a tobacco or marijuana cigarette. D. It is less powerful than cocaine in its original form.50. Which of the following observations is true regarding cocaine? A. Its effects wear off quickly. B. It is one of the few substances immune to development of tolerance. C. Thirty percent of people in the United States have tried it at least once. D. Its use has increased drastically since the mid-1980s. 51. _____ are stimulants prescribed for the treatment of attention problems, narcolepsy, and chronic fatigue. A. Barbiturates B. Amphetamines C. Benzodiazepines D. Opioids 52. On the street, _____ are known as "speed," "meth," and "chalk." A. amphetamines B. benzodiazepines C. barbiturates D. opioids 53. Amphetamines release the neurotransmitters _____ and block their reuptake. A. acetylcholine and adenosine B. glutamate and aspartate C. epinephrine and serotonin D. dopamine and norepinephrine 54. Which of the following is true of amphetamine use? A. The symptoms of intoxication are completely different from those of cocaine intoxication. B. Like cocaine, amphetamines can produce perceptual illusions. C. Tolerance and physical dependence develops slowly over a long period of time. D. Abuse of these drugs has fallen in recent years. 55. Which of the following is an alkaloid found in tobacco? A. Tryptophan B. Ecgonine C. Caffeine D. Nicotine 56. Which of the following observations is true? A. Tobacco use has increased in the United States. B. Tobacco use has increased in most industrialized countries. C. Tobacco use is increasing in developing countries. D. Tobacco use is banned in most industrialized countries. 57. Identify the physiological effect of nicotine. A. It resembles a fight-or-flight response. B. It reduces stress. C. It suppresses several biochemicals including dopamine and norepinephrine. D. It reduces the craving to smoke more. 58. _____ is by far the most heavily used stimulant. A. Nicotine B. Amphetamine C. Cocaine D. Caffeine59. Which if the following is reduced due to normal caffeine intake? A. Appetite B. Metabolism C. Body temperature D. Blood pressure 60. Morphine, heroin, codeine, and methadone are all: A. amphetamines. B. benzodiazepines. C. barbiturates. D. opioids. 61. Which of the following is a natural opioid produced by the human body? A. Codeine B. Etorphine C. Endorphin D. Alfentanil 62. Which of the following was widely used as a pain reliever in the nineteenth century, until it was found to be highly addictive? A. Codeine B. Morphine C. Nicotine D. Methadone 63. Identify the initial symptom of opioid intoxication. A. Euphoria B. Drowsiness C. Vivid dreams D. A blackout 64. During opioid intoxication, a person may experience periods of light sleep with vivid dreams. A person in this state is referred to as being: A. in the twilight zone. B. counting stars. C. chasing the dragon. D. on the nod. 65. All of the following are withdrawal symptoms associated with opioids, EXCEPT: A. dysphoric mood. B. nausea. C. delirium tremens. D. insomnia. 66. Identify the most frequently abused opioid pain reliever. A. Oxycodone B. Dihydrocodeine C. Sufentanil D. Propoxyphene 67. Which of the following is capable of producing perceptual changes even in small doses? A. Nicotine B. Phencyclidine C. Alcohol D. Caffeine68. Why does the DSM-IV-TR not recognize withdrawal from hallucinogens and phencyclidine as a diagnosis? A. They are not considered "substances." B. The symptoms typically do not cause significant impairment. C. The symptoms typically are the opposite of those of intoxication. D. A clear withdrawal syndrome has not been documented. 69. The _____ are a mixed group of substances, including lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and peyote. A. benzodiazepines B. amphetamines C. hallucinogens D. opioids 70. What is synesthesia? A. Overflow from one sensory modality to another B. Psychomotor agitation or retardation C. Another term for hypervigilance D. Auditory, visual, and tactile hallucinations 71. When using hallucinogens, people say they hear colors and see sounds. They feel at one with their surroundings, and time seems to pass very slowly. Which term was coined to describe these experiences? A. Psychomotor B. Psychedelic C. Psychoactive D. Psychosomatic 72. Which drug was used in the 1960s as part of the consciousness-expanding movement? A. Amphetamine B. Cannabis C. PCP D. LSD 73. Exceptionally acute hearing is an intoxication symptom associated with: A. alcohol. B. valium. C. phencyclidine. D. cannabis. 74. Which drug is also known as angel dust, Hog, and Tranq? A. LSD B. Phencyclidine C. Valium D. Cannabis 75. Which of the following observations is true of the drug phencyclidine? A. It is classified in the DSM-IV-TR as a hallucinogen. B. It is manufactured as a liquid to be injected. C. It has many of the same effects as hallucinogens. D. It is categorized as an opioid. 76. Which of the following is the most commonly used illegal drug in the United States? A. Cannabis B. Heroin C. LSD D. Cocaine77. The terms marijuana, weed, pot, grass, reefer, and Mary Jane are used to refer to: A. crack. B. heroin. C. cannabis. D. cocaine. 78. The compound 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine is also known as: A. LSD. B. Ecstasy. C. Ketamine. D. Cocaine. 79. Which of the following has the stimulant effects of an amphetamine along with occasional hallucinogenic properties? A. PCP B. LSD C. Cannabis D. Ecstasy 80. The euphoric effects of ecstasy and some of the brain damage are considered to be due to alterations in the functioning of _____ in the brain. A. norepinephrine B. epinephrine C. dopamine D. serotonin 81. Long-term users of this drug risk several cardiac problems and liver failure, and they show increased rates of anxiety, depression, psychotic symptoms, and paranoia. Another effect is teeth-grinding; some users even suck a baby's pacifier at parties to relieve this. Which drug is being discussed here? A. GHB B. Ecstasy C. Nicotine D. Cannabis 82. Which of the following is a central nervous system depressant approved for the treatment of the sleep disorder narcolepsy? A. GHB B. Ketamine C. MDMA D. Rohypnol 83. In the 1980s, this drug was widely used by bodybuilders and athletes to lose fat and build muscle and was available over the counter in health food stores. A. MDMA B. Morphine C. GHB D. Rohypnol 84. ____ goes by the street name G., and Liquid Ecstasy, and is also considered to be a date-rape drug. A. GABA B. MDMA C. LSD D. GHB85. Which of the following is a rapid-acting anesthetic that produces hallucinogenic effects ranging from rapture to paranoia to boredom? A. Valium B. Ketamine C. Methadone D. Rohypnol 86. Which of these is a major reason why ketamine users may injure themselves when they are intoxicated? A. It has distasteful side-effects B. It is an anesthetic C. It is hallucinogenic D. It reduces serotonin levels 87. Which of the following is a widely known date-rape drug which goes by the slang names Roche and the Forget-Me-Not Pill? A. Ecstasy B. Ketamine C. Methadone D. Rohypnol 88. Why do date-rape victims fail to recognize that they have been drugged with rohypnol? A. It is odorless, colorless, and tasteless. B. They're usually already drugged (e.g., with alcohol). C. It acts within seconds of ingestion. D. It has no visible effects of intoxication. 89. With the repeated use of substances such as cocaine, heroin, and amphetamines, more of the drug is needed to produce the desired effects. Which of the following helps explain this? A. The brain's control network starts to overpower its reward network. B. The brain reduces its production of dopamine. C. People's expectations of the drug reduce over time. D. Tolerance toward the drug fails to develop. 90. Alcohol has sedative and antianxiety effects largely by enhancing the activity of the neurotransmitter _____ in the septal/hippocampal system. A. adenosine B. anandamide C. histamine D. GABA 91. Family studies show that the relatives of people with substance-related disorders are _____ to have a substance disorder than are the relatives of people with no such disorder. A. just as likely B. three times more likely C. eight times more likely D. twenty times more likely 92. Which of the following is a conclusion regarding alcohol abuse offered by social learning theories? A. Maladaptive patterns of alcohol use may be passed down through the males in a family through modeling. B. Higher reward sensitivity is correlated with earlier onset of alcohol consumption in young adults. C. Genetics play a substantial role in determining who is at risk for substance-use disorders. D . People's expectations of alcohol's effects and their beliefs about the appropriateness of using it to cope with stress play a major role in alcohol abuse.93. The _____ theories of alcohol abuse have focused on people's expectations of alcohol's effects and their beliefs about the appropriateness of using it to cope with stress. A. sociocultural B. genetic C. cognitive D. social learning 94. _____ is the tendency to be impulsive, sensation-seeking, and prone to antisocial behaviors such as violating laws. A. Reward sensitivity B. Behavioral undercontrol C. Control drive D. Speedballing 95. Which of the following observations is true? A. Women tend to be more likely than men to carry risk factors for drug and alcohol abuse and dependence. B . Societal acceptance of heavy drinking by women has increased in recent generations, as has the rate of alcohol use among young women. C. Women suffer alcohol-related physical illnesses at higher levels of exposure to alcohol than men do. D. When they do use alcohol, women notice that they feel intoxicated much later than men. 96. A benzodiazepine is used to reduce alcohol dependence. Why is the dosage of this treatment decreased each day? A. To increase the tolerance toward alcohol. B. Because people tend to relapse into alcohol use if the same dosage is provided. C. Because benzodiazepine is extremely toxic. D. To ensure that the person does not become dependent on the benzodiazepine. 97. Antagonist drugs used to treat persons with substance dependence: A. provide depressant effects similar to those of the addictive drug. B. provide stimulant effects similar to those of the addictive drug. C. block or change the effects of the addictive drug, reducing the desire for it. D. act in the same manner as antidepressant drugs. 98. Which of the following has proven useful in treating alcohol dependents and abusers, possibly because it blocks the effects of endorphins during drinking? A. Naltrexone B. Naloxone C. Klonopin D. Halcion 99. Identify a drug that can make alcohol use actually punishing. A. Naloxone B. Halcion C. Xanax D. Disulfiram 100.Dennis is undergoing treatment to stop alcohol use. He cannot even take one alcoholic drink because he starts to feel sick and dizzy and feels like vomiting. Which drug is he using? A. Valium B. Disulfiram C. Benzodiazepine D. Xanax101.Which of the following is the most common pharmacological treatment method used for nicotine dependence? A. Prescription medication to reduce nicotine cravings B. The intrusive method C. Nicotine replacement therapy D. Treatment using benzodiazepine 102.Gradual withdrawal from heroin can be achieved with: A. PCP. B. methadone. C. ketamine. D. MDMA. 103.Those who take heroin while on methadone do not experience heroin's intense psychological effects. Why? A. Methadone is more potent than heroin. B. Methadone has longer-lasting effects than heroin. C. Methadone blocks receptors for heroin. D. Methadone transfers dependency. 104.Drugs such as disulfiram that make the ingestion of alcohol unpleasant or toxic are given to people who are alcohol dependent. This is an example of: A. aversive classical conditioning. B. dependency transfer. C. behavioral undercontrol. D. a contingency management program. 105.Which of the following uses imagery to create associations between thoughts of alcohol use and thoughts of highly unpleasant consequences? A. Dependency transfer program B. Contingency management program C. Cognitive treatment method D. Covert sensitization therapy 106._____ provide reinforcements for individuals to curtail their use of substances, for example, employment, housing, or vouchers for purchases at local stores. A. Dependency transfer programs B. Contingency management programs C. Cognitive treatment methods D. Covert sensitization methods 107.Interventions based on the _____ of alcohol abuse and dependency help clients identify situations in which they are most likely to drink and lose control over their drinking, as well as their expectations that alcohol will help them cope in those situations A. cognitive models B. genetic models C. dependency transfer models D. biological treatment methods 108.Which of the following was developed by William Miller to elicit and solidify clients' motivation and commitment to changing their substance use? A. Dependency transfer B. Social learning model C. Motivational interviewing D. Alcoholics Anonymous109.Which of the following primarily contributes to the fact that the relapse rate for people undergoing any kind of treatment for alcohol abuse and dependency is high? A. Transfer of dependence B. Covert sensitization C. Abstinence violation effect D. Cognitive dissonance 110.The philosophy of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is based on the _____ model of alcoholism. A. addictive B. disease C. relapse D. biological 111.The disease model of alcoholism predicts that because of biological, psychological, and spiritual deficits: A. alcoholism is a disease curable only using medical remedies. B. alcohol abstinence is a temporary phenomenon for an alcohol abuser. C. the benefits of quitting the addiction far outweigh the damages of continuing with it. D. some people will lose all control over their drinking once they have one drink. 112.According to the philosophy of Alcoholics Anonymous, the only way to control alcohol intake is to: A. abstain completely. B. limit yourself to two drinks a day. C. transfer dependence to some other chemical. D. binge-drink occasionally. 113.What was the outcome of Project MATCH that compared the different interventions designed to help people with alcohol dependency: cognitive-behavioral intervention, motivational interviewing and enhancement, and a 12-step program based on the AA model? A.Motivational interviewing and enhancement is generally more effective in terms of helping people with alcohol dependency. B . Combining cognitive-behavioral intervention with motivational interviewing and enhancement proved to be the most effective intervention. C.The three interventions were equally effective in reducing drinking behavior and preventing relapse over the following year. D. The AA-based 12-step program was the most effective for treating alcohol dependence. 114.Which of the following is true of alcohol dependents or abusers in the United States? A. About 50 percent of them recover on their own. B. 80 percent of them carry such problems throughout their lives. C. 90 percent of them never recover from such problems. D. Only about 25 percent of them seek treatment. 115.In the United States, young adults between _____ have the highest rates of alcohol consumption and make up the largest proportion of problem drinkers of any age group. A. 15 and 20 B. 18 and 24 C. 22 and 30 D. 30 and 35 116.Psychologist Alan Marlatt and colleagues have argued that a more credible approach to college drinking than abstinence programs is to recognize drinking as normative behavior and focus education on the immediate risks of drinking to excess and the payoffs of moderation. This is an example of a: A. harm reduction model. B. disease model. C. covert sensitization therapy. D. benefit-maximization model117.The DSM-5 authors propose changing the name for pathological gambling to: A. risk-seeking behavior. B. impulsive speculation. C. disordered gambling. D. speculative mania. 118.Which of the following is true of pathological gambling? A. It is tied to increased executive control over impulses in the frontal areas of the brain. B. Pathological gamblers have a greater response of the brain's reward systems to gambling and related cues. C. Pathological gamblers tend to have relatively fewer problems with substance use than the general population. D. About 20 percent of the U.S. population engages in chronic, compulsive gambling. 119.People with _____ are chronic shoplifters, taking items not needed for personal use or monetary value. A. pathomania B. nosomania C. pyromania D. kleptomania 120._____ is a pattern of deliberate and purposeful fire setting triggered by tension or affective arousal and resulting in pleasure or relief A. Egomania B. Megalomania C. Pyromania D. Kleptomania 121.The DSM-IV-TR criteria for intermittent explosive disorder include the following EXCEPT: A.failure on many occasions to resist aggressive impulses that result in serious assaultive acts or destruction of property. B. a degree of aggressiveness grossly out of proportion to the situation. C. symptoms not better explained by another mental disorder, the effects of substances, or a medical condition. D. trying to abstain from a substance, especially when one has a history of frequent relapses into abuse. 122.People diagnosed with _____ have a history of the recurrent pulling out of their hair, resulting in noticeable hair loss. A. trichotillomania B. megalomania C. nosomania D. pyromania 123.Distinguish between substance intoxication, withdrawal, abuse, and dependence. Discuss the symptoms associated with each condition.124.What are the different symptoms of alcohol withdrawal? 125.Discuss how cocaine is able to provide a feeling of reward and pleasure. 126.Discuss the physiological effects of nicotine. 127.What are the symptoms of phencyclidine intoxication? 128.Discuss some of the key findings of psychological theories on substance-use disorders. 129.What are the different biological treatments for substance-related disorders?130.Discuss the different cognitive-behavioral intervention methods for treating substance-related disorders. 131.Discuss some of the major impulse-control disorders mentioned in the text.14 Key 1. (p. 425) The DSM-5 authors have proposed combining the substance-related and impulse-control disorders into one new category called: A. addiction and related disorders. B. psychoactive disorders. C. drug-related disorders. D. drive-control disorders. Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #1 2. (p. 425) A substance is defined as any: A. drug that has psychedelic effects. B. over-the-counter prescription drug. C. product that could potentially create an addiction. D. natural or synthesized product that has psychoactive effects. Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #2 3. (p. 426- 427) Which of the following observations is true of substance use in the United States? A. Substance use varies substantially across different demographic groups. B. About 90 percent of the U.S. population admits to having tried an illegal substance at some time in their life. C. Young adult substance usage increased in the late 1990s and peaked in the early years of the current decade. D. Among all ethnics groups, the propensity for substance abuse is highest among Asians. Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #3 4. (p. 428) Which of the following is a central nervous system depressant? A. Cocaine B. Nicotine C. Cannabis D. Alcohol Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #4 5. (p. 428) Which of the following is a central nervous system stimulant? A. Barbiturates B. Caffeine C. Phencyclidine D. Cannabis Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #5 6. (p. 428) _____ is a set of behavioral and psychological changes that occur as a result of the physiological effects of a substance on the central nervous system. A. Substance withdrawal B. Substance intoxication C. Substance abuse D. Substance dependence Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #67. (p. 428) _____ is a set of physiological and behavioral symptoms that result when people who have been using substances heavily for prolonged periods of time stop or greatly reduce their use. A. Substance withdrawal B. Substance intoxication C. Substance abuse D. Substance dependence Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #7 8. (p. 429) Withdrawal symptoms associated with ____ is not a diagnostic category in the DSM-IV-TR or the DSM-5. A. nicotine B. amphetamines C. barbiturates D. caffeine Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #8 9. (p. 429) Why is caffeine withdrawal not a diagnostic category in the DSM-IV-TR or the DSM-5? A. Caffeine is not considered a "substance." B. Caffeine withdrawal does not typically show any symptoms. C. The symptoms typically do not cause significant impairment. D. The symptoms typically are the opposite of those of intoxication. Blooms: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #9 10. (p. 429) The diagnosis of _____ is given in the DSM-IV-TR when a person's recurrent use of a substance results in significant harmful consequences. A. substance withdrawal B. substance abuse C. substance intoxication D. substance independence Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #10 11. (p. 430) Which of the following is one of the four categories of harmful consequences that suggest substance abuse? A. The individual fails to fulfill important obligations at work, home, or school as a result of substance use. B. The individual uses the substance only in situations in which it is not physically hazardous to do so. C. The individual stops using the substance because of legal problems in the past. D.The individual complains of symptoms of substance withdrawal which includes nervousness, headaches, and nausea. Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #11 12. (p. 430) The diagnosis of _____ in the DSM-IV-TR is closest to what people often refer to as drug addiction. A. substance withdrawal B. substance abuse C. substance intoxication D. substance dependence Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #1213. (p. 430) _____ is present when a person experiences less effect from the same dose of a substance and needs more and more of it to achieve intoxication. A. Impulse-control disorder B. Behavioral undercontrol C. Tolerance D. Withdrawal Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #13 14. (p. 430) Hannibal began snorting cocaine about three years ago. He said the first high was the most astounding, exciting, mind-blowing experience he has ever had. However, he has never been able to recapture that initial euphoria, and now he needs more and more of the drug to get anywhere near to his first experience. Hannibal: A. has developed a tolerance to cocaine. B. has transferred his dependence to some other substance. C. is showing symptoms of withdrawal. D. is using cocaine that is of inferior quality. Blooms: Application Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #14 15. (p. 430) Which of the following substances have relatively low risk for tolerance? A. Nicotine B. Alcohol C. Opioids D. Cannabis Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #15 16. (p. 430- 431) Which of the following observations is true? A. Physiological dependence is required for a diagnosis of substance dependence in the DSM-IV-TR. B. Physiological dependence sometimes is not evidence of tolerance or withdrawal. C. The diagnosis of substance dependence preempts the diagnosis of substance abuse. D. The diagnosis of substance abuse in the DSM-IV-TR is closest to what people often refer to as drug addiction. Blooms: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #16 17. (p. 431) The DSM-5 authors propose that substance abuse and dependence be combined into one diagnosis called: A. substance-use disorder. B. substance abuse disorder. C. substance dependence disorder. D. drug-related disorder. Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #17 18. (p. 431) The DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for substance-use disorder will include the continued use of substances despite negative social, occupational, and health consequences, as indicated in the DSM-IV-TR criteria for substance abuse, as well as evidence of tolerance or withdrawal. Which criterion was added to these by the DSM-5 authors because it is a common symptom of abuse and dependence? A. Marital discord B. Legal problems C. Craving the substance D. Stealing Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #1819. (p. 431) The DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for substance-use disorder will include the continued use of substances despite negative social, occupational, and health consequences, as indicated in the DSM-IV-TR criteria for substance abuse. Why have the DSM-5 authors removed "legal problems" from this criterion? A. Because of its low prevalence. B. Because it falls inside the realm of regulation. C. Because substance-use disorder is not a criminal offense. D. Because the term has negative connotations. Blooms: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #19 20. (p. 432) Which term refers to alcohol induced amnesia for the events that occurred while one was intoxicated? A. Coma B. Deprivation C. Blackout D. Flash Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #20 21. (p. 432) Alcohol is considered a ____ because it ____. A. stimulant; makes people less inhibited in their behavior B. depressant; slows the central nervous system C. stimulant; activates the brain D. stimulant; activates the sex drive Blooms: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #21 22. (p. 432) Celeste went to a fraternity party on Saturday night and had too much to drink. Although the last thing she remembers is dancing with Paul, she does not recollect how she got home. Celeste is most likely experiencing: A. alcohol-induced dementia. B. delirium tremens. C. abstinence violation. D. a blackout. Blooms: Application Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #22 23. (p. 432) Which of the following is cited as a reason why people in countries such as France show lower rates of alcohol-related substance disorders than do people in other countries? A. Alcohol is usually consumed with meals in France. B. Alcohol is freely available in France. C. The low blood-alcohol level for determining whether a person is under the influence of alcohol acts as a deterrent. D. Despite Americans' beliefs to the contrary, alcohol is not consumed in very large quantities in France. Blooms: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #23 24. (p. 432) Most U.S. states consider a person to be under the influence of alcohol if his or her blood-alcohol level is _____ or above. A. 0.01 B. 0.15 C. 0.45 D. 0.08 Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #2425. (p. 433) People given the diagnosis of _____ in the DSM-IV-TR use alcohol in dangerous situations, fail to meet important obligations at work or at home, and have recurrent legal or social problems as a result of their alcohol use. A. alcohol intoxicated B. prone to withdrawal C. alcohol abuse D. alcohol dependence Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #25 26. (p. 434) Binge drinking is defined as consuming: A. different types of drinks in moderate quantities in one sitting. B. five or more drinks within a couple of hours. C. two to three drinks early in the morning. D. three or more drinks within a span of two hours. Blooms: Comprehension Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #26 27. (p. 434) Which of the following characterizes the first stage of alcohol withdrawal? A. Tremulousness, weakness, and profuse perspiration B. A blackout C. Convulsive seizures D. Auditory, visual, and tactile hallucinations Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #27 28. (p. 434) The second stage of alcohol withdrawal includes _____, which may begin as soon as 12 hours after drinking stops but more often appear(s) during the second or third day. A. delirium tremens B. a blackout C. convulsive seizures D. tactile hallucinations Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #28 29. (p. 434) The third stage of alcohol withdrawal is characterized by: A. convulsive seizures. B. blackouts. C. headache, nausea, and abdominal cramps. D. delirium tremens. Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #29 30. (p. 434) Which of the following is a typical characteristic of delirium tremens? A. Auditory hallucinations B. Convulsive seizures C. Shakes and jitters D. Hypothermia Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #30 31. (p. 435) Which of these is one of the most common medical conditions associated with alcohol misuse? A. Delirium tremens B. Low-grade hypertension C. Hyperthermia D. Collapse of the peripheral vascular system Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #3132. (p. 435) Low-grade hypertension, combined with increases in the levels of triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein, puts alcohol abusers at increased risk for: A. diabetes. B. hypothermia. C. heart disease. D. brain hemorrhage. Blooms: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #32 33. (p. 435) Which syndrome associated with "alcohol-induced persisting amnesic disorder" brings mental confusion and disorientation? A. Wernicke's encephalopathy B. Korsakoff's syndrome C. Alcohol-induced blackout D. Reward deficiency syndrome Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #33 34. (p. 435) Which syndrome associated with "alcohol-induced persisting amnesic disorder" includes memory loss for recent events and difficulty recalling distant ones? A. Wernicke's encephalopathy B. Korsakoff's syndrome C. Alcohol-induced dementia D. Reward deficiency syndrome Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #34 35. (p. 435) _____ is the loss of intellectual abilities, including memory, abstract thinking, judgment, and problem solving, often accompanied by personality changes such as increased paranoia. A. Wernicke's encephalopathy B. Korsakoff's syndrome C. Reward deficiency syndrome D. Alcohol-induced dementia Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #35 36. (p. 435) Which of the following contains antioxidants that can increase "good" cholesterol, along with other chemicals that can help prevent damage to blood vessels and reduce "bad" cholesterol, producing positive cardiac effects? A. Beer B. Red wine C. Whiskey D. Cognac Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #36 37. (p. 436) Which of the following helps explain low rates of alcohol consumption in Southeast Asia? A. Cultural prohibitions against alcohol B. Lower levels of education, and a greater sense of helplessness and hopelessness C. Absence in 50 percent of people of an enzyme that eliminates acetaldehyde D. Excessive rates of poverty and unemployment Blooms: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #3738. (p. 436) Deaths related to alcohol are as much as five times more common among _____ than in the general U.S. population. A. African Americans B. Asian immigrants C. Hispanics D. Native Americans Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #38 39. (p. 437) Abuse of and dependence on alcohol: A. decline as people age. B. has no correlation with age. C. increase substantially as people age. D. increase marginally as people age. Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #39 40. (p. 437) Which of the following is a reason why abuse of and dependence on alcohol decline as people age? A. With age, the liver metabolizes alcohol at a faster rate. B. The increasing percentage of body water decreases the absorption of alcohol. C. Older people are financially more secure than younger ones. D. People who have used alcohol excessively may die before they reach old age. Blooms: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #40 41. (p. 437) Which of the following are legally manufactured and sold by prescription, usually as sedatives for the treatment of anxiety and insomnia? A. Amphetamines B. Opioids C. Benzodiazepines D. Phencyclidine Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #41 42. (p. 438) _____ are volatile substances that produce chemical vapors, which can be inhaled and which depress the central nervous system. A. Barbiturates B. Amphetamines C. Opioids D. Inhalants Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #42 43. (p. 438) Which class of inhalants dilates blood vessels and relaxes muscles and is sometimes used as sex enhancers? A. Nitrites B. Solvents C. Anesthetic gases D. Aerosols Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #4344. (p. 438) Which of the following observations is true? A. The greatest users of inhalants are older people. B. Asian teenagers appear to have the highest rates of inhalant use in the U.S. C. Males are more likely than females to use inhalants. D. Inhalant use is inherently harmless. Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #44 45. (p. 438) _____ may occur during inhalant use due to acute irregularities in heartbeat or loss of oxygen. A. Fight-or-flight response B. Sudden sniffing death C. Delirium tremens D. Intermittent explosive disorder Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #45 46. (p. 438) Which of the following is an example of a stimulant? A. Amphetamines B. Barbiturates C. Alcohol D. Nitrites Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #46 47. (p. 440) Cocaine prevents the reuptake of this chemical into the transmitting neuron, causing it to accumulate in the synapse and maintaining the pleasurable feeling associated with cocaine use. A. Serotonin B. Epinephrine C. Dopamine D. Prolactin Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #47 48. (p. 440) Which of the following makes cocaine more likely than most substances to lead to abuse and dependence? A. Its easy availability B. The absence of short-term health disorders C. Symptoms of fatigue and insomnia upon withdrawal D. Its rapid, strong effects on the brain's reward centers Blooms: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #48 49. (p. 440) Which of the following is true regarding freebase cocaine? A. It is less addictive than cocaine in its original form. B. People mostly snort it or inject it intravenously. C. It is usually smoked in a water pipe or mixed in a tobacco or marijuana cigarette. D. It is less powerful than cocaine in its original form. Blooms: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #49 50. (p. 441) Which of the following observations is true regarding cocaine? A. Its effects wear off quickly. B. It is one of the few substances immune to development of tolerance. C. Thirty percent of people in the United States have tried it at least once. D. Its use has increased drastically since the mid-1980s. Blooms: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #5051. (p. 441) _____ are stimulants prescribed for the treatment of attention problems, narcolepsy, and chronic fatigue. A. Barbiturates B. Amphetamines C. Benzodiazepines D. Opioids Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #51 52. (p. 441) On the street, _____ are known as "speed," "meth," and "chalk." A. amphetamines B. benzodiazepines C. barbiturates D. opioids Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #52 53. (p. 441) Amphetamines release the neurotransmitters _____ and block their reuptake. A. acetylcholine and adenosine B. glutamate and aspartate C. epinephrine and serotonin D. dopamine and norepinephrine Blooms: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #53 54. (p. 441) Which of the following is true of amphetamine use? A. The symptoms of intoxication are completely different from those of cocaine intoxication. B. Like cocaine, amphetamines can produce perceptual illusions. C. Tolerance and physical dependence develops slowly over a long period of time. D. Abuse of these drugs has fallen in recent years. Blooms: Comprehension Difficulty: Difficult Nolen - Chapter 14 #54 55. (p. 442) Which of the following is an alkaloid found in tobacco? A. Tryptophan B. Ecgonine C. Caffeine D. Nicotine Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #55 56. (p. 442) Which of the following observations is true? A. Tobacco use has increased in the United States. B. Tobacco use has increased in most industrialized countries. C. Tobacco use is increasing in developing countries. D. Tobacco use is banned in most industrialized countries. Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #56 57. (p. 442) Identify the physiological effect of nicotine. A. It resembles a fight-or-flight response. B. It reduces stress. C. It suppresses several biochemicals including dopamine and norepinephrine. D. It reduces the craving to smoke more. Blooms: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #5758. (p. 442) _____ is by far the most heavily used stimulant. A. Nicotine B. Amphetamine C. Cocaine D. Caffeine Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #58 59. (p. 443) Which if the following is reduced due to normal caffeine intake? A. Appetite B. Metabolism C. Body temperature D. Blood pressure Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #59 60. (p. 443) Morphine, heroin, codeine, and methadone are all: A. amphetamines. B. benzodiazepines. C. barbiturates. D. opioids. Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #60 61. (p. 443) Which of the following is a natural opioid produced by the human body? A. Codeine B. Etorphine C. Endorphin D. Alfentanil Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #61 62. (p. 443) Which of the following was widely used as a pain reliever in the nineteenth century, until it was found to be highly addictive? A. Codeine B. Morphine C. Nicotine D. Methadone Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #62 63. (p. 443) Identify the initial symptom of opioid intoxication. A. Euphoria B. Drowsiness C. Vivid dreams D. A blackout Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #63 64. (p. 443) During opioid intoxication, a person may experience periods of light sleep with vivid dreams. A person in this state is referred to as being: A. in the twilight zone. B. counting stars. C. chasing the dragon. D. on the nod. Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #6465. (p. 444) All of the following are withdrawal symptoms associated with opioids, EXCEPT: A. dysphoric mood. B. nausea. C. delirium tremens. D. insomnia. Blooms: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #65 66. (p. 444) Identify the most frequently abused opioid pain reliever. A. Oxycodone B. Dihydrocodeine C. Sufentanil D. Propoxyphene Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #66 67. (p. 445) Which of the following is capable of producing perceptual changes even in small doses? A. Nicotine B. Phencyclidine C. Alcohol D. Caffeine Blooms: Comprehension Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #67 68. (p. 445) Why does the DSM-IV-TR not recognize withdrawal from hallucinogens and phencyclidine as a diagnosis? A. They are not considered "substances." B. The symptoms typically do not cause significant impairment. C. The symptoms typically are the opposite of those of intoxication. D. A clear withdrawal syndrome has not been documented. Blooms: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #68 69. (p. 445) The _____ are a mixed group of substances, including lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and peyote. A. benzodiazepines B. amphetamines C. hallucinogens D. opioids Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #69 70. (p. 445) What is synesthesia? A. Overflow from one sensory modality to another B. Psychomotor agitation or retardation C. Another term for hypervigilance D. Auditory, visual, and tactile hallucinations Blooms: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #7071. (p. 445) When using hallucinogens, people say they hear colors and see sounds. They feel at one with their surroundings, and time seems to pass very slowly. Which term was coined to describe these experiences? A. Psychomotor B. Psychedelic C. Psychoactive D. Psychosomatic Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #71 72. (p. 445) Which drug was used in the 1960s as part of the consciousness-expanding movement? A. Amphetamine B. Cannabis C. PCP D. LSD Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #72 73. (p. 445) Exceptionally acute hearing is an intoxication symptom associated with: A. alcohol. B. valium. C. phencyclidine. D. cannabis. Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #73 74. (p. 446) Which drug is also known as angel dust, Hog, and Tranq? A. LSD B. Phencyclidine C. Valium D. Cannabis Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #74 75. (p. 446) Which of the following observations is true of the drug phencyclidine? A. It is classified in the DSM-IV-TR as a hallucinogen. B. It is manufactured as a liquid to be injected. C. It has many of the same effects as hallucinogens. D. It is categorized as an opioid. Blooms: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #75 76. (p. 446) Which of the following is the most commonly used illegal drug in the United States? A. Cannabis B. Heroin C. LSD D. Cocaine Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #76 77. (p. 446) The terms marijuana, weed, pot, grass, reefer, and Mary Jane are used to refer to: A. crack. B. heroin. C. cannabis. D. cocaine. Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #7778. (p. 447) The compound 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine is also known as: A. LSD. B. Ecstasy. C. Ketamine. D. Cocaine. Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #78 79. (p. 447) Which of the following has the stimulant effects of an amphetamine along with occasional hallucinogenic properties? A. PCP B. LSD C. Cannabis D. Ecstasy Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #79 80. (p. 447) The euphoric effects of ecstasy and some of the brain damage are considered to be due to alterations in the functioning of _____ in the brain. A. norepinephrine B. epinephrine C. dopamine D. serotonin Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #80 81. (p. 447- 448) Long-term users of this drug risk several cardiac problems and liver failure, and they show increased rates of anxiety, depression, psychotic symptoms, and paranoia. Another effect is teeth-grinding; some users even suck a baby's pacifier at parties to relieve this. Which drug is being discussed here? A. GHB B. Ecstasy C. Nicotine D. Cannabis Blooms: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #81 82. (p. 448) Which of the following is a central nervous system depressant approved for the treatment of the sleep disorder narcolepsy? A. GHB B. Ketamine C. MDMA D. Rohypnol Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #82 83. (p. 448) In the 1980s, this drug was widely used by bodybuilders and athletes to lose fat and build muscle and was available over the counter in health food stores. A. MDMA B. Morphine C. GHB D. Rohypnol Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #8384. (p. 448) ____ goes by the street name G., and Liquid Ecstasy, and is also considered to be a date-rape drug. A. GABA B. MDMA C. LSD D. GHB Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #84 85. (p. 448) Which of the following is a rapid-acting anesthetic that produces hallucinogenic effects ranging from rapture to paranoia to boredom? A. Valium B. Ketamine C. Methadone D. Rohypnol Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #85 86. (p. 448) Which of these is a major reason why ketamine users may injure themselves when they are intoxicated? A. It has distasteful side-effects B. It is an anesthetic C. It is hallucinogenic D. It reduces serotonin levels Blooms: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #86 87. (p. 448) Which of the following is a widely known date-rape drug which goes by the slang names Roche and the Forget-Me-Not Pill? A. Ecstasy B. Ketamine C. Methadone D. Rohypnol Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #87 88. (p. 448) Why do date-rape victims fail to recognize that they have been drugged with rohypnol? A. It is odorless, colorless, and tasteless. B. They're usually already drugged (e.g., with alcohol). C. It acts within seconds of ingestion. D. It has no visible effects of intoxication. Blooms: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #88 89. (p. 449) With the repeated use of substances such as cocaine, heroin, and amphetamines, more of the drug is needed to produce the desired effects. Which of the following helps explain this? A. The brain's control network starts to overpower its reward network. B. The brain reduces its production of dopamine. C. People's expectations of the drug reduce over time. D. Tolerance toward the drug fails to develop. Blooms: Comprehension Difficulty: Difficult Nolen - Chapter 14 #8990. (p. 449) Alcohol has sedative and antianxiety effects largely by enhancing the activity of the neurotransmitter _____ in the septal/hippocampal system. A. adenosine B. anandamide C. histamine D. GABA Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #90 91. (p. 449) Family studies show that the relatives of people with substance-related disorders are _____ to have a substance disorder than are the relatives of people with no such disorder. A. just as likely B. three times more likely C. eight times more likely D. twenty times more likely Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #91 92. (p. 450- 451) Which of the following is a conclusion regarding alcohol abuse offered by social learning theories? A. Maladaptive patterns of alcohol use may be passed down through the males in a family through modeling. B. Higher reward sensitivity is correlated with earlier onset of alcohol consumption in young adults. C. Genetics play a substantial role in determining who is at risk for substance-use disorders. D . People's expectations of alcohol's effects and their beliefs about the appropriateness of using it to cope with stress play a major role in alcohol abuse. Blooms: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #92 93. (p. 450- 451) The _____ theories of alcohol abuse have focused on people's expectations of alcohol's effects and their beliefs about the appropriateness of using it to cope with stress. A. sociocultural B. genetic C. cognitive D. social learning Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #93 94. (p. 451) _____ is the tendency to be impulsive, sensation-seeking, and prone to antisocial behaviors such as violating laws. A. Reward sensitivity B. Behavioral undercontrol C. Control drive D. Speedballing Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #94 95. (p. 452) Which of the following observations is true? A. Women tend to be more likely than men to carry risk factors for drug and alcohol abuse and dependence. B.Societal acceptance of heavy drinking by women has increased in recent generations, as has the rate of alcohol use among young women. C. Women suffer alcohol-related physical illnesses at higher levels of exposure to alcohol than men do. D. When they do use alcohol, women notice that they feel intoxicated much later than men. Blooms: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #9596. (p. 453) A benzodiazepine is used to reduce alcohol dependence. Why is the dosage of this treatment decreased each day? A. To increase the tolerance toward alcohol. B. Because people tend to relapse into alcohol use if the same dosage is provided. C. Because benzodiazepine is extremely toxic. D. To ensure that the person does not become dependent on the benzodiazepine. Blooms: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #96 97. (p. 453) Antagonist drugs used to treat persons with substance dependence: A. provide depressant effects similar to those of the addictive drug. B. provide stimulant effects similar to those of the addictive drug. C. block or change the effects of the addictive drug, reducing the desire for it. D. act in the same manner as antidepressant drugs. Blooms: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #97 98. (p. 453) Which of the following has proven useful in treating alcohol dependents and abusers, possibly because it blocks the effects of endorphins during drinking? A. Naltrexone B. Naloxone C. Klonopin D. Halcion Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #98 99. (p. 453) Identify a drug that can make alcohol use actually punishing. A. Naloxone B. Halcion C. Xanax D. Disulfiram Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #99 100. (p. 453) Dennis is undergoing treatment to stop alcohol use. He cannot even take one alcoholic drink because he starts to feel sick and dizzy and feels like vomiting. Which drug is he using? A. Valium B. Disulfiram C. Benzodiazepine D. Xanax Blooms: Application Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #100 101. (p. 453) Which of the following is the most common pharmacological treatment method used for nicotine dependence? A. Prescription medication to reduce nicotine cravings B. The intrusive method C. Nicotine replacement therapy D. Treatment using benzodiazepine Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #. (p. 453) Gradual withdrawal from heroin can be achieved with: A. PCP. B. methadone. C. ketamine. D. MDMA. Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Nolen - Chapter 14 #102 103. (p. 454) Those who take heroin while on methadone do not experience heroin's intense psychological effects. Why? A. Methadone is more potent than heroin. B. Methadone has longer-lasting effects than heroin. C. Methadone blocks receptors for heroin. D. Methadone transfers dependency. Blooms: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #103 104. (p. 454) Drugs such as disulfiram that make the ingestion of alcohol unpleasant or toxic are given to people who are alcohol dependent. This is an example of: A. aversive classical conditioning. B. dependency transfer. C. behavioral undercontrol. D. a contingency management program. Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #104 105. (p. 454) Which of the following uses imagery to create associations between thoughts of alcohol use and thoughts of highly unpleasant consequences? A. Dependency transfer program B. Contingency management program C. Cognitive treatment method D. Covert sensitization therapy Blooms: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Nolen - Chapter 14 #105 106. (p. 454) _____ provide r