Test-Bank-for-Abnormal-Psychology Introduction and Methods of Research

2 Test-Bank-for-Abnormal-Psychology-in-a-Changing-World,-8th-EditionJeffrey-S.-Nevid Introduction and Methods of Research Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Which emotional concern has developed in the police photographer who described his crime scene experiences? a. anger c. fear b. sadness d. loneliness ANSWER: C Diff: E Page: 3 Topic: Chapter Introduction Skill: Factual 2. In “Cowering Under the Covers,” the woman with bipolar disorder experienced terror directly after ______. a. feeling high and exhilarated b. witnessing a serious vehicular accident in which a person died c. developing suicidal thoughts d. an argument with her husband ANSWER: A Diff: M Page: 3 Topic: Chapter Introduction Skill: Factual 3. Thomas, the young man with paranoid schizophrenia and major depression, experienced severe symptoms until he ______. a. received two months of treatment in the psychiatric hospital b. found the correct medication c. met his real father d. was given a prefrontal lobotomy ANSWER: B Diff: E Page: 4 Topic: Chapter Introduction Skill: Factual 4. An abnormal behavior pattern that involves a disturbance of psychological functioning or behavior is a(n) ______. a. abreaction c. perceptual set b. reaction formation d. psychological disorder ANSWER: D3 Diff: E Page: 4 Topic: Chapter Introduction Skill: Factual 5. Abnormal psychology deals chiefly with ______. a. diseases c. abnormal behaviors b. traits d. problems of immaturity ANSWER: C Diff: E Page: 4 Topic: Chapter Introduction Skill: Factual 6. The branch of psychology that deals with the description, causes, and treatment of abnormal behavior patterns is ______ psychology. a. abnormal c. evolutionary b. social d. developmental ANSWER: A Diff: E Page: 4 Topic: Chapter Introduction Skill: Factual 7. ______ people are ever admitted to a mental hospital during the course of their lifetime. a. Relatively few c. About half of b. Nearly 1/3 of d. Nearly 2/3 of ANSWER: A Diff: E Page: 4 Topic: Chapter Introduction Skill: Factual 8. ______ people accused of crimes plead not guilty to crimes on grounds of insanity. a. Very few c. About half of b. Nearly 1/3 of d. Nearly 2/3 of ANSWER: A Diff: E Page: 4 Topic: Chapter Introduction Skill: Factual 9. Who is affected by abnormal behavior? a. Only those who are mentally ill themselves b. Only those who are related to individuals with a mental illness c. Only those who work with individuals with a mental illness d. Virtually everyone ANSWER: D Diff: E Page: 44 Topic: Chapter Introduction Skill: Conceptual 10. Nearly one in ______ of us is directly affected by a diagnosable mental illness at some point in our lives. a. two c. four b. three d. five ANSWER: A Diff: D Page: 4 Topic: Chapter Introduction Skill: Factual 11. About one in ______ adult Americans experiences a diagnosable mental illness in a given year. a. two c. four b. three d. five ANSWER: C Diff: D Page: 4 Topic: Chapter Introduction Skill: Factual 12. What is the view about the medical model stated by the authors of your text? a. It is not currently a prominent model for understanding abnormal behavior. b. It puts the study of abnormal behavior directly in the purview of the field of psychology. c. It provides terms such as “symptom” and “disease” which will be emphasized in the text. d. It is a major contemporary model, but psychological and sociocultural perspectives also warrant consideration. ANSWER: D Diff: M Page: 5 Topic: Chapter Introduction Skill: Conceptual 13. The ______ model considers abnormal behavior patterns to be symptoms of underlying illness. a. medical c. sociocultural b. behavioral d. applied ANSWER: A Diff: E Page: 5 Topic: Chapter Introduction Skill: Conceptual 14. The authors of your text prefer to use the term “psychological disorder” rather than “mental disorder” for each of the following reasons EXCEPT ______. a. the term “psychological disorder” puts the study of abnormal behavior squarely within the purview of the field of psychology5 b. the term “mental disorder” is generally associated with the medical model c. the term “mental disorder” is derived from the medical model, which is not the only model that should be used to examine abnormal behaviors d. the term “mental disorder” implies some type of serious illness, whereas the term “psychological disorder” does not ANSWER: D Diff: M Page: 4-5 Topic: Chapter Introduction Skill: Conceptual 15. Each of the following is a conclusion from the 1999 Surgeon General’s report on the nation’s mental health EXCEPT______. a. mental health reflects a complex interaction of brain functioning and environmental influences b. effective treatments do not yet exist for most mental disorders c. progress in developing effective prevention programs in the mental health field has been slow d. many who need mental health services do not yet receive them ANSWER: B Diff: M Page: 5 Topic: Chapter Introduction Skill: Factual 16. What percentage of American adults receives some form of help for mental health problems each year? a. 5% b. 15% c. 25% d. 35% ANSWER: B Diff: D Page: 5 Topic: Chapter Introduction Skill: Factual 17. The authors use the report of the ______ as a backdrop for this text’s study of abnormal behavior. a. World Health Organization c. Secretary of Health and Human Services b. Surgeon General d. President’s Commission on Mental Health ANSWER: B Diff: E Page: 5-6 Topic: Chapter Introduction Skill: Factual 18. Which of the following behaviors is considered abnormal? a. feeling anxious in anticipation of an important job interview b. feeling sad after failing a test6 c. feeling anxious whenever entering a department store d. feeling depressed about losing a loved one ANSWER: C Diff: E Page: 6 Topic: How Do We Define Abnormal Behavior? Skill: Applied 19. Which of the following statements about the unusualness criteria for determining abnormality is correct? a. It is the only criteria used to determine abnormality b. It is the best criteria for determining abnormality c. Statistical deviance or rarity is sufficient to judge abnormality d. Just because a behavior is unusual does not necessarily mean that it is considered abnormal. ANSWER: D Diff: M Page: 6 Topic: How Do We Define Abnormal Behavior? Skill: Conceptual 20. ______ societies have norms or standards that define the kinds of behavior acceptable in given contexts. a. Very few c. Around 2/3 b. Around 1/3 of d. All ANSWER: D Diff: E Page: 6 Topic: How Do We Define Abnormal Behavior? Skill: Factual 21. Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria discussed in the text for judging a behavior as abnormal? a. The behavior is socially deviant. b. The behavior is selfish. c. The behavior is maladaptive or self-defeating. d. The behavior is socially unacceptable. ANSWER: B Diff: M Page: 6-7 Topic: How Do We Define Abnormal Behavior? Skill: Conceptual 22. In judging whether a person's behavior is socially unacceptable or violates social norms, clinicians must take into account ______. a. ideas of persecution c. universal truths b. cultural differences d. subjects' expectations ANSWER: B Diff: E Page: 77 Topic: How Do We Define Abnormal Behavior? Skill: Conceptual 23. Which statement is true about the view of homosexuality as abnormal? a. Until the mid 1970s, homosexuality was classified as a mental disorder by the psychiatric profession. b. After World War I, homosexuality was not viewed as a mental disorder in the United States but it was in Europe. c. Homosexuality is classified as a mental disorder in the current psychiatric classification system in the United States but not in Europe. d. Homosexuality is currently classified as a disorder in men but not in women. ANSWER: A Diff: M Page: 7 Topic: How Do We Define Abnormal Behavior? Skill: Factual 24. Archibald has recurring delusions that he is the King of England. He also hallucinates that the Queen of England sits next to him and he talks to her throughout the day. Which criterion of abnormal behavior most closely matches his behavior? a. significant personal distress c. socially unacceptable behavior b. self-defeating behavior d. faulty perception of reality ANSWER: D Diff: M Page: 7 Topic: How Do We Define Abnormal Behavior? Skill: Applied 25. Seeing things and hearing voices that are not present are considered ______. a. delusions c. hallucinations b. compulsions d. obsessions ANSWER: C Diff: E Page: 7 Topic: How Do We Define Abnormal Behavior? Skill: Factual 26. Kathy has recurring visions of demons chasing her around her house. She also hears them telling her, “We have come for you!” She is experiencing ______. a. delusions c. hallucinations b. compulsions d. obsessions ANSWER: C Diff: M Page: 7 Topic: How Do We Define Abnormal Behavior? Skill: Applied 27. Unfounded ideas, or false beliefs which have no basis in fact, are considered ______. a. delusions c. hallucinations8 b. compulsions d. obsessions ANSWER: A Diff: E Page: 7 Topic: How Do We Define Abnormal Behavior? Skill: Factual 28. Alexander believes that aliens from outer space are working together with the CIA in an elaborate plot to brainwash him with secret messages transmitted through static on his television. His beliefs are most likely what psychologists would call ______. a. delusions c. hallucinations b. compulsions d. obsessions ANSWER: A Diff: M Page: 7 Topic: How Do We Define Abnormal Behavior? Skill: Applied 29. Abigail is suffering from a combination of chronic anxiety and depression, and these conditions cause her to experience many troublesome emotions. Which criterion of abnormal behavior most closely matches her symptoms? a. significant personal distress c. unusual behavior b. self-defeating behavior d. faulty perception of reality ANSWER: A Diff: M Page: 7 Topic: How Do We Define Abnormal Behavior? Skill: Applied 30. Which criterion of abnormal behavior most closely matches a college student who must withdraw due to alcoholism? a. faulty perception of reality b. maladaptive or self-defeating behavior c. unusual behavior d. socially unacceptable behavior ANSWER: B Diff: E Page: 7 Topic: How Do We Define Abnormal Behavior? Skill: Applied 31. Megan has an intense fear of being stuck in an elevator or a similar enclosed place. Her fears are best described as ______. a. claustrophobia c. agoraphobia b. delusions d. ideas of persecution ANSWER: A Diff: M Page: 8 Topic: How Do We Define Abnormal Behavior? Skill: Applied9 32. People are said to have ______diagnoses when they have more than one disorder. a. comorbid c. coexisting b. comingled d. simultaneous ANSWER: A Diff: E Page: 8 Topic: How Do We Define Abnormal Behavior? Skill: Factual 33. Among Native Americans, hearing the voices of recently deceased loved ones is considered ______. a. normal b. abnormal c. unusual but not abnormal d. a hallucination due to extreme grief ANSWER: A Diff: E Page: 9 Topic: How Do We Define Abnormal Behavior? Skill: Factual 34. Native Americans often seek help for “White Man’s Illness” (e.g., alcoholism) through ______. a. “White Man's Medicine” c. shamans b. native women healers d. medicine men ANSWER: A Diff: D Page: 9 Topic: How Do We Define Abnormal Behavior? Skill: Factual 35. In a number of African cultures, anxiety is expressed as ______. a. fears of failure in procreation, in dreams, and complaints about witchcraft b. trancelike states c. physical symptoms such as headaches, fatigue, or weakness d. feelings of guilt or sadness ANSWER: A Diff: M Page: 9 Topic: How Do We Define Abnormal Behavior? Skill: Factual 36. In Eastern cultures, depression is experienced largely in terms of ______. a. fears of failure in procreation, in dreams, and complaints about witchcraft b. trancelike states c. physical or somatic symptoms such as headaches, fatigue, or weakness d. feelings of guilt or sadness10 ANSWER: C Diff: M Page: 9 Topic: How Do We Define Abnormal Behavior? Skill: Factual 37. Which of the following statements is NOT true? a. Abnormal behavior patterns like schizophrenia have not been found in countries other than the United States and Canada. b. Rates of schizophrenia appear similar in Nigeria, India, and the former Soviet Union. c. Rates of schizophrenia appear similar in Columbia, Denmark, and China. d. Some differences have been found in the features of schizophrenia across cultures. ANSWER: A Diff: M Page: 10 Topic: How Do We Define Abnormal Behavior? Skill: Factual 38. In our culture, models based on ______ have achieved prominence in explaining abnormal behavior. a. spiritual corruption c. medical disease b. demonology d. anthropomorphism ANSWER: C Diff: E Page: 10 Topic: How Do We Define Abnormal Behavior? Skill: Conceptual 39. Traditional native cultures attribute most mental illnesses to ______. a. supernatural causes c. immorality b. poor child-rearing practices d. psychic abilities ANSWER: A Diff: E Page: 10 Topic: How Do We Define Abnormal Behavior? Skill: Conceptual 40. In ______folk society, psychological problems are often attributed to the influence of “spirits” or the possession of a “weak soul.” a. Malaysian c. Nigerian b. Kurdish d. Filipino ANSWER: D Diff: D Page: 10 Topic: How Do We Define Abnormal Behavior? Skill: Conceptual 41. Throughout much of history in Western societies, abnormal behavior was often taken as a sign of ______. a. psychic powers c. spiritual enlightenment b. biological imbalances d. demonic possession11 ANSWER: D Diff: M Page: 10 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 42. The process of cutting a hole in the skull to provide a pathway for demons to leave a possessed person's body is called _______. a. exorcism c. spiritual incision b. trephining d. expurgating ANSWER: B Diff: M Page: 10 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 43. Identify the bodily irregularity found by archaeologists in skulls from the Stone Age. a. missing teeth c. stony spikes stuck in the skull b. missing jaw d. holes cut in the skull ANSWER: D Diff: E Page: 10 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 44. Before Hippocrates, the ancient Greeks believed that abnormal behavior, or madness, resulted from ______. a. natural forces c. punishment by the gods b. demonic possession d. psychic powers ANSWER: C Diff: M Page: 10 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 45. In ancient Greece, people who behaved abnormally were often sent to temples dedicated to ______. a. Aphrodite c. Zeus b. Aesculapius d. Apollo ANSWER: B Diff: D Page: 10 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 46. The ancient Greeks attempted to cure mental illness by ______. a. sending people to temples where they were given rest, a nutritious diet, and exercise b. trephining c. performing exorcisms d. torturing them in order to force the evil spirits out of their bodies ANSWER: A12 Diff: M Page: 10 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 47. The celebrated ancient Greek physician who argued that illnesses of the body and mind resulted from natural causes rather than the wrath of the gods was ______. a. Socrates c. Demosthenes b. Hippocrates d. Aristotle ANSWER: B Diff: E Page: 11 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 48. The idea that the health of the body depends on a balance of four vital bodily fluids, or humors, was first proposed by ______. a Galen c. Socrates b. Hippocrates d. Plato ANSWER: B Diff: M Page: 11 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 49. According to Hippocrates, abnormal behavior results from ______. a. biological imbalances c. demonic possession b. angering the gods d. spiritual deprivation ANSWER: A Diff: E Page: 11 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 50. According to Hippocrates, each of the following EXCEPT ______ is a bodily fluid important to physical and mental health. a. phlegm c. green bile b. blood d. black bile ANSWER: C Diff: D Page: 11 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 51. Zorba is constantly depressed. According to Hippocrates' theory, Zorba has an excess of ______. a. phlegm c. green bile b. blood d. black bile ANSWER: D Diff: D Page: 1113 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Applied 52. Theo is lethargic and sluggish, always acting like he is in "slow motion." According to Hippocrates's theory, Theo has an excess of ______. a. phlegm c. yellow bile b. blood d. black bile ANSWER: A Diff: D Page: 11 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Applied 53. George is cheerful, confident, and optimistic. According to Hippocrates' theory, George has an excess of ______. a. phlegm c. yellow bile b. blood d. black bile ANSWER: B Diff: D Page: 11 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Applied 54. A person who is cheerful, confident, and optimistic is said to be ______. a. sanguine c. phlegmatic b. choleric d. melancholic ANSWER: A Diff: M Page: 11 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 55. A person who is lethargic and sluggish, with little or no energy, is said to be ______. a. sanguine c. phlegmatic b. choleric d. melancholic ANSWER: C Diff: M Page: 11 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 56. A person who is quick-tempered, or bilious, is said to be ______. a. sanguine c. phlegmatic b. choleric d. melancholic ANSWER: B Diff: M Page: 11 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 57. A person who is chronically sad and depressed is said to be ______. 14 a. sanguine c. phlegmatic b. choleric d. melancholic ANSWER: D Diff: M Page: 11 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 58. Hippocrates diagnoses one of his patients as suffering from an excess of blood. The patient is probably ______. a. lethargic and sluggish c. confident and optimistic b. quick-tempered d. sad and depressed ANSWER: C Diff: D Page: 11 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Applied 59. Hippocrates diagnoses one of his patients as suffering from an excess of phlegm. The patient is probably ______. a. lethargic and sluggish c. confident and optimistic b. quick-tempered d. sad and depressed ANSWER: A Diff: D Page: 11 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Applied 60. Hippocrates diagnoses one of his patients as suffering from an excess of yellow bile. The patient is probably ______. a. lethargic and sluggish c. confident and optimistic b. quick-tempered d. sad and depressed ANSWER: B Diff: D Page: 11 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Applied 61. The ethical oath that medical students take when they become physicians honors ______. a. Galen c. Aristotle b. Thalen d. Hippocrates ANSWER: D Diff: E Page: 11 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 62. Hippocrates' view that abnormal behavior could result from biological imbalances foreshadowed today's ______ model. a. medical c. psychoanalytic b. eclectic d. phenomenological 15 ANSWER: A Diff: E Page: 11 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Conceptual 63. Which of the following is NOT one of the three main categories used by Hippocrates to classify abnormal behavior? a. malleus c. melancholia b. mania d. phrenitis ANSWER: A Diff: M Page: 11 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 64. Hippocrates diagnoses one of his patients as suffering from mania. The patient is probably ______. a. excessively depressed c. schizophrenic b. excessively excited d. autistic ANSWER: B Diff: E Page: 11 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Applied 65. Hippocrates diagnoses one of his patients as suffering from melancholia. The patient is probably ______. a. excessively depressed c. schizophrenic b. excessively excited d. autistic ANSWER: A Diff: E Page: 11 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Applied 66. Hippocrates diagnoses one of his patients as suffering from phrenitis. The patient is probably ______. a. excessively excited c. suffering from schizophrenia b. excessively depressed d. autistic ANSWER: C Diff: M Page: 11 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Applied 67. The Greek physician who expanded on the teachings of Hippocrates was ______. a. Homer c. Leonidas b. Themistocles d. Galen16 ANSWER: D Diff: M Page: 11 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 68. The Greek physician who discovered that arteries carry blood, not air, as had been previously thought, was ______. a. Hippocrates c. Socrates b. Galen d. Themistocles ANSWER: B Diff: M Page: 11 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 69. Until the physician Galen found that arteries carried blood, it was thought by most people that they carried ______. a. bile c. air b. phlegm d. water ANSWER: C Diff: M Page: 11 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 70. During the Middle Ages, the treatment of choice for curing abnormal behavior was ______. a. trephining c. exorcism b. bleeding d. meditation ANSWER: C Diff: M Page: 11 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 71. In medieval times, the doctrine that abnormal behavior was a sign of possession by evil spirits or the devil was espoused by the ______ church. a. Episcopalian c. Roman Catholic b. Muslim d. Anglican ANSWER: C Diff: E Page: 11 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 72. Fear of witches reached its height during the ______. a. Middle Ages c. Age of Enlightenment b. Renaissance d. Victorian Age ANSWER: B Diff: E Page: 1117 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 73. Torture, starvation, and beatings were among the ______. a. methods of persuasions used by exorcists b. methods of treatment used in medieval psychotherapy for depression c. threats made to hospitalized mental patients until electroshock therapy was developed d. forms of punishment used in the Renaissance by parents of rebellious male teenagers ANSWER: A Diff: M Page: 12 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 74. The "Malleus Maleficarum" was ______. a. a medical manual designed to help Renaissance physicians treat abnormal behavior b. the first diagnostic manual that correctly labeled some mental health problems according to their behavioral symptoms c. the holy ritual used to help priests perform exorcisms d. a manual for helping inquisitors identify suspected witches ANSWER: D Diff: M Page: 12 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 75. The “water float” test was used during the 16th and 17th centuries to test for ______. a. being a witchc. problem-solving skills b. loyalty to the King or Queen d. melancholia ANSWER: A Diff: E Page: 12 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 76. If a suspected witch was subjected to the "waterfloat test" and was found to be spiritually pure, the suspect _______. a. was released b. was allowed to join a convent c. was given an exorcism to prevent future demonic possession d. drowned ANSWER: D Diff: M Page: 12 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual18 77. The behavior confessed by supposed “witches” was often akin to modern conceptualizations of _________, although it was likely that such confessions resulted from the effects of torture. a. major depression c. brain damage b. antisocial personality disorder d. schizophrenia ANSWER: D Diff: M Page: 12 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 78. Most scholars today believe that accusations of witchcraft during the Middle Ages and Renaissance were _______. a. based on valid fears of the unknown b. based on misinterpretations of abnormal behaviors resulting from mental illness c. convenient means of disposing of social nuisances and seizing property d. part of a general trend by the poor to seek revenge against the wealthy by accusing them of crimes which would cause them to be disgraced ANSWER: C Diff: D Page: 12 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Conceptual 79. In Medieval England, most explanations of mental illness involved _______. a. sociological causes c. physical illness or brain trauma b. demonic possession d. spiritual impropriety ANSWER: C Diff: D Page: 12 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 80. Renaissance physician Johann Weyer was noted for arguing that abnormal behavior and thought patterns were caused by _______. a. physical problems c. spiritual impurity b. demonic possession d. sociological factorsDiff: M Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior 19 ANSWER: A Diff: M Page:12 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 81. The first asylums, or "madhouses," began to crop up throughout Europe in the ______ centuries. a. 11th and 12th c. 15th and 16th b. 13th and 14th d. 17th and 18th ANSWER: C Diff: M Page: 12 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 82. The first asylums in Europe were ______. a. added on to existing hospitals as special "wards" for the mentally ill b. former leprosariums c. former prisons d. former military fortresses ANSWER: B Diff: M Page: 12 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 83. Which of the following is NOT true of the first asylums for the mentally ill? a. Patients were used as "guinea pigs" for new and risky medical experiments. b. Residents were often chained to their beds and left to die in their own waste. c. Many asylums sold tickets so the public could observe the antics of the inmates. d. They often were homes for beggars as well as the mentally disturbed. ANSWER: A Diff: M Page: 12 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 84. The word “bedlam” derived from_________________. a. A slang term popular in the 15th and 16th century for chaos b. Sir Francis Reginald Bedlam, founder of the first asylum in London c. Bedlam, England, home of the first insane asylum d. St. Mary’s of Bethlehem Hospital in London ANSWER: D Diff: M Page: 12 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual20 85. The modern era of treatment can be traced, in large part, to the efforts of_______. a. Pussin and Pinel c. Lavoix and Millet b. Roentgen and Pasteur d. Mesmer and Charcot ANSWER: A Page: 13 Skill: Factual 86. The modern era of humane treatment can be traced to the ______. a. late 16th and early 17th centuries b. late 17th and early 18th centuries c. late 18th and early 19th centuries d. late 19th and early 20th centuries ANSWER: C Diff: M Page: 13 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: 87. In the late 18th and early 19th century, most Europeans viewed deranged or mentally ill people as ______. a. sick people in need of treatment b. demonically possessed c. having special "gifts" that allowed them to communicate with the spirit world d. threats to society ANSWER: D Diff: M Page: 13 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 88. Jean-Baptiste Pussin, a layman in charge of a ward for the “incurably insane” at the La Bicetre mental hospital in Paris is known for ______. a. moving patients to rooms with more b. providing medicine to hospitalized patients c. releasing insane inmates from their chains and shackles d. all of the above ANSWER: C Diff: D Page: 13 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 89. The first official to unchain a group of “incurably insane” patients was ______. a. Jean-Baptiste Pussin c. Phillipe Pinel b. Dorothea Dixd. Horace Loveland ANSWER: A Diff: M Page: 13Diff: M Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior 21 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 90. If you were a follower of Phillipe Pinel, you would most likely agree with which of the following statements? a. The mentally ill should be incarcerated and chained to prevent them from harming themselves or others. b. The mentally ill should be treated through purging, bloodletting, and ice-cold baths. c. The mentally ill will recover more quickly by living in the real world and learning to survive on their own. d. The mentally ill should be treated with in a humane manner, with understanding, and concern. ANSWER: D Diff: M Page: 13 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Applied 91. The philosophy of treatment that emerged from the efforts of Frenchmen like Phillipe Pinel is called ______ therapy. a. hedonistic c. rational b. moral d. organic ANSWER: B Diff: M Page: 13 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 92. A noted therapist argues that mentally ill patients should be treated in a decent and relaxed environment. Her argument most closely matches the tenets of ______ therapy. a. primal c. moral b. Catholic d. rational ANSWER: C Diff: M Page: 13 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Applied 93. Pinel’s counterpart in England was ______. a. Horace Loveland c. Charles Dewey b. William Tuke d. Lord Cromwell ANSWER: B Diff: D Page: 13 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual22 94. The man considered to be the "father" of American psychiatry is ______. a. William Tuke c. Benjamin Rush b. Alfred Adler d. William James ANSWER: C Diff: M Page: 13 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 95. If you were a follower of Benjamin Rush, you would most likely agree with which of the following statements? a. The mentally ill should be incarcerated and chained to prevent them from harming themselves or others. b. The mentally ill should be treated through purging, bloodletting, and ice-cold baths. c. The mentally ill will recover more quickly by living in the real world and learning to survive on their own. d. The mentally ill should be given custodial care only, as their illnesses are incurable. ANSWER: B Page: 13 Skill: Applied 96. Benjamin Rush believed that madness was caused by ______. a. poverty and social pressure b. engorgement of the blood vessels in the brain c. imbalances of bodily humors d. genetically inherited vulnerabilities ANSWER: B Diff: M Page: 13 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 97. The Boston schoolteacher most responsible for the establishment of mental hospitals in the 19th century United States is ______. a. Mary Dexter c. Laura Constance Wilson b. Dorothea Dix d. Martha Custis ANSWER: B Diff: E Page: 13 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 98. In the late 19th century, the attitude toward the mentally ill in the United States was dominated by ______. a. the belief in "moral therapy" b. apathy and neglect c. the belief in bloodletting and purging as a primary treatment d. fascination with Freud's new "talking cure"Diff: M Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior 23 ANSWER: B Diff: E Page: 14 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 99. Through the middle of the 20th century, deplorable conditions at mental hospitals were ______. a. unheard of c. occasionally found b. very rare d. commonplace ANSWER: D Diff: M Page: 14 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 100. By the mid-1950s, the population in American mental hospitals had risen to about ______. a. 250,000 c. 750,000 b. 500,000 d. 1,000,000 ANSWER: B Diff: D Page: 14 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 101. In what year did Congress establish a nationwide system of community mental health centers that was intended to offer an alternative to long-term custodial care in bleak institutions? a. 1943 c. 1963 b. 1953 d. 1973 ANSWER: C Diff: D Page: 14 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 102. In 1963, community mental health centers (CHMCs) were established nationwide under a Congressional policy known as ______. a. reformation c. deinstitutionalization b. outsourcing d. compartmentalization ANSWER: C Diff: E Page: 14 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 103. The class of drugs most responsible for the mass release of many institutionalized mentally ill patients is the ______. a. phenothiazines c. tricyclics b. MAO inhibitors d. antibiotics24 ANSWER: A Diff: M Page: 14 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 104. Phenothiazines are a group of ______ drugs. a. antianxiety c. antidepressant b. antipsychoticd. analgesic ANSWER: B Diff: E Page: 14 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 105. Phenothiazines are used to treat the most flagrant behavior patterns associated with ______. a. schizophrenia c. dissociative fugue b. obsessive-compulsive disorder d. bipolar disorder ANSWER: A Diff: D Page: 14 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 106. The advent of phenothiazines was seen as instrumental in ____________. a. lowering the costs of care in state hospitals so that more could be constructed b. increasing populations of substance abusers and the mentally retarded while reducing the number of schizophrenics c. developing new diagnostic screening measures for schizophrenia d. reducing the population of mental hospitals ANSWER: D Page: 14 Skill: Factual 107. Between the 1950s and 1990s, the mental hospital population across the United States has ______. a. increased dramatically b. remained relatively the same c. increased the number of female patients while decreasing the number of male patientsd. decreased dramatically ANSWER: D Diff: M Page: 14 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 108. Which of the following has been a negative effect of the deinstitutionalization movement? a. a significant increase in violent crime by those who were released b. a nearly total collapse of the nationwide system of mental hospitals and community mental health centersDiff: M Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior 25 c. an increase in the number of mentally ill patients requiring long-term care d. the abandonment of many former patients who, now homeless, wander the streets of American cities ANSWER: D Diff: M Page: 14 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 109. Beliefs in possession or demonology persisted until the rise of the natural sciences in the ______. a. 15th century c. 18th century b. 16th century d. 19th century ANSWER: C Diff: M Page: 14 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 110. In the 18th century, society began to turn toward ______ to explain natural phenomena and human behavior. a. demonology c. inner enlightenment b reason and science d. spiritualism ANSWER: B Diff: M Page: 14 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 111. A German physician who argued that abnormal behavior was rooted in diseases of the brain was ______. a. William Griesinger c. G. A. Hansen b. Emil Von Tuke d. Gregor Mendel ANSWER: A Diff: D Page: 15 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual26 112. The physician who wrote an influential textbook on psychiatry in 1883, in which he likened mental disorders to physical diseases, was ______. a. Joseph Lister c. Emil Kraepelin b. Robert Koch d. G. A. Hansen ANSWER: C Diff: D Page: 15 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 113. The ______ model attempts to explain abnormal behavior on the basis of underlying biological defects. a. medical c. structural-functional b. eclectic d. center-periphery ANSWER: A Diff: E Page: 15 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Conceptual 114. According to the medical model, people behaving abnormally _______. a. suffer from incurable diseases caused by inherited genetic defects b. suffer from the results of early childhood trauma and can be cured with proper behavioral therapies c. suffer from mental illnesses that can be classified like physical illnesses, according to their distinctive causes and symptoms d. are often unjustly labeled "abnormal" by society because of fears about their "different" behaviors ANSWER: C Diff: M Page: 15 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Conceptual 115. Emil Kraepelin specified ______ main groups of mental disorders. a. two c. six b. four d. eight ANSWER: A Diff: M Page: 15 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 116. Emil Kraepelin identified the group of diseases he called "dementia praecox," which we now call ______. a. conversion disorder c. schizophrenia b. dissociative identity disorder d. bipolar disorder ANSWER: C27 Diff: M Page: 15 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 117. Emil Kraepelin identified the group of diseases he called "manic-depressive psychosis," which we now call ______. a. conversion disorder c. schizophrenia b. dissociative identity disorder d. bipolar disorder ANSWER: D Diff: M Page: 15 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 118. Kraeplin believed that “manic-depressive psychosis” was caused by ______. a. an excess of green bile c. obesity b. an abnormality in body metabolism d. a biochemical imbalance ANSWER: B Diff: D Page: 15 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 119. The major contribution of Emil Kraepelin was ______. a. the development of a classification system in which the current diagnostic systems are rooted b. the discovery that early childhood environment plays a crucial role in the development of a healthy personality c. the discovery of the bacterium causing syphilis d. the development of "moral therapy," in which humane treatment and a relaxed environment were used to help restore mental health ANSWER: A Diff: M Page: 15 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 120. General paresis is a result of the advanced stages of ___________________. a. bipolar disorder b. schizophrenia c. dementia d. syphilis ANSWER: D Diff: M Page: 15 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 121. The discovery of a cure for syphilis led to ______.28 a. today’s general acceptance that there is a biological basis for all psychological disorders b. the cure for polio c. optimism that biological causes for other types of disturbed behavior would be discovered d. the eventual development of the fields of neurology and neuropsychology ANSWER: C Diff: D Page: 15 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Conceptual 122. We realize today that ______ of all psychological disorders involve a complex web of factors which we are still struggling to understand. a. only one or two c. approximately half b. a few d. the great majority ANSWER: D Diff: E Page: 15 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 123. Which is NOT a term of the medical model? a. prognosis c. syndrome b. reinforcement d. remission ANSWER: B Diff: E Page: 15 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 124. A condition involving paralysis and numbness with no known medical cause was ______ . a. dissociation c. hypochondriasis b. fugue d. hysteria ANSWER: D Diff: M Page: 15 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Conceptual 125. ______demonstrated that hysterical behaviors, like paralysis or numbness, could be induced in normal subjects under hypnosis through the use of suggestions. a. Mesmer c. Charcot b. Breuer d. Pinel ANSWER: C Diff: D Page: 15-16 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 126. The person who developed the first psychological theory of abnormal behavior was ______. 29 a. Friedrich Mesmer c. Sigmund Freud b. Joseph Breuer d. Jean-Martin Charcot ANSWER: C Diff: E Page: 16 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 127. The physician with whom Freud worked most closely in the case of Anna O. was ______. a. Charcot c. Jung b. Mesmer d. Breuer ANSWER: D Diff: M Page: 16 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 128. The process of bringing emotions to the surface and "discharging" them in therapy is called ______. a. transference c. free association b. catharsis d. displacement ANSWER: B Diff: M Page: 16 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 129. The 21 year-old woman treated by Breuer in a classic case of hysteria was ______. a. Sonja J. c. Anna O. b. Alica K. d. Marta M. ANSWER: C Diff: E Page: 16 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 130. Mary goes to a therapist for treatment of numbness in her arms that appears to have no physical cause. Her therapist tells her that her symptoms result from repressed emotions dating back to subconscious conflicts during her early childhood. The therapist uses hypnosis and has her talk about her feelings to help her "discharge" her pent-up emotions. Her therapist’s treatment approach is most similar to that of ______. a. Freud c. Kraepelin b. Pinel d. Griesinger ANSWER: A Diff: M Page: 16 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Applied 131. Until _____, the American Psychiatric Association classified homosexuality as a mental health disorder.30 a. 1963 c. 1983 b. 1973 d. 1993 ANSWER: B Diff: M Page: 17 Topic: Controversies in Modern Psychology: What Is Abnormal Behavior? Skill: Factual 132. Which of the following was classified as a mental health disorder by the American Psychiatric Association until 1973? a. Pedophilia c. Homosexuality b. Transvestitism d. Fetishism ANSWER: C Diff: E Page: 17 Topic: Controversies in Modern Psychology: What Is Abnormal Behavior? Skill: Factual 133. Research has found that _______________ have a greater frequency of suicide and of states of emotional distress, especially anxiety and depression, compared to heterosexual men and women. a. bisexual men c. lesbian women b. homosexual men d. homosexual men and lesbian women ANSWER: D Diff: M Page: 17 Topic: Controversies in Modern Psychology: What Is Abnormal Behavior? Skill: Factual 134. As compared to heterosexual men, gay men have been found to display more of the following symptoms or behaviors EXCEPT _________. a. suicide c. bipolar disorder b. anxiety d. depression ANSWER: C Diff: D Page: 17 Topic: Controversies in Modern Psychology: What Is Abnormal Behavior? Skill: Factual 135. As compared to married heterosexual couples, gays in close, committed relationships have been found to ______. a. exhibit more verbal conflict but less physical aggression b. exhibit more physical aggression but less verbal conflict c. be comparably well-adjusted d. be more generally dysfunctional in couple adjustment ANSWER: C Diff: D Page: 17 Topic: Controversies in Modern Psychology: What Is Abnormal Behavior? Skill: Factual31 136. Each of the following is true EXCEPT ______. a. gay men and lesbian women are more prone than heterosexuals to develop psychological problems b. the majority of psychological problems experienced by gay men and lesbian women are directly the result of their sexual orientation c. many gay adolescents attempt or seriously consider suicide d. the social stress associated with the stigma, prejudice, and discrimination that gay people encounter may directly cause mental health problems ANSWER: B Diff: M Page: 17 Topic: Controversies in Modern Psychology: What Is Abnormal Behavior? Skill: Factual 137. The ______ perspective emphasizes factors such as unemployment, poverty, and family breakdown as causes of abnormal behavior. a. cognitive c. social learning b. structural-functional d. sociocultural ANSWER: D Diff: M Page: 18 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Conceptual 138. The ______ model emphasizes a broad perspective that takes into account the social contexts in which abnormal behavior occurs. a. sociocultural c. social learning b. Gestalt d. environmental ANSWER: A Diff: E Page: 18 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Conceptual 139. Gloria, a student from a poor family, goes to a therapist for treatment of her test anxiety. Her therapist tells her that the anxiety is not abnormal behavior on her part, but rather it is a normal reaction to the abnormal expectations placed on her by an unfair society that has failed to give her an equal chance to fairly compete with other students. Her therapist is using the ______ treatment model. a. social learning c. eclectic b. humanistic d. sociocultural ANSWER: D Diff: M Page: 18 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Applied 140. The biopsychosocial perspective of abnormal behavior is also known as the ______ model. a. interactionist c. eclectic32 b. catharsis d. psychodynamic ANSWER: A Diff: E Page: 18 Topic: Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior Skill: Factual 141. A systematic method of conducting scientific research in which theories or assumptions are examined in the light of evidence is ______. a. the intuitive method c. the scientific method b. the philosophical approach d. the Socratic method ANSWER: C Diff: E Page: 18 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Factual 142. Research in the field of abnormal psychology is based on the application of ______. a. the intuitive method c. the scientific method b. the philosophical approach d. the Socratic method ANSWER: C Diff: M Page: 18 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Factual 143. Which of the following is NOT one of the primary objectives of science? a. obfuscation c. explanation b. description d. control ANSWER: A Diff: E Page: 18 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Factual 144. In the story of the professor who placed a rat on top of her desk and then asked graduate students to describe the rat’s behavior, the rat was _______. a. released into the outside world b. genetically engineered to be more intelligent than a normal rat c. a clone d. blind ANSWER: D Diff: E Page: 18-19 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Factual 145. A formulation of the relationships underlying observed events is called a ______. a. theory c. supposition b. hypothesis d. proposition33 ANSWER: A Diff: M Page: 19 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Factual 146. Using scientific knowledge to help people shape their own goals and efficiently use their resources to accomplish them achieves which primary objective of science? a. description c. obfuscation b. explanation d. control ANSWER: D Diff: M Page: 19 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Factual 147. Psychologists use _______ to advance the description, explanation, prediction, and control of abnormal behavior. a. common sense c. the scientific method b. the clinical method d. the medical model ANSWER: C Diff: E Page: 20 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Conceptual 148. Which of the following is NOT one of the four steps in the scientific method? a. making inferences from the research question b. framing the research question in the form of a hypothesis c. testing the hypothesis d. drawing conclusions about the hypothesis ANSWER: A Diff: E Page: 20 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Factual 149. A prediction about behavior that is tested through experimentation is called a ______. a. theory c. supposition b. hypothesis d. proposition ANSWER: B Diff: E Page: 20 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Factual 150. According to the text, testing the hypothesis is the ______ step in the scientific method. a. first c. third b. second d. fourth ANSWER: C Diff: M Page: 2034 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Factual 151. Emily is studying hyperactive children. Her observations have led her to predict that if she runs an experiment in which some hyperactive children are given a sugar-sweetened drink while others are given a drink sweetened with a sugar substitute, those receiving the sugar-sweetened drink will exhibit greater disruptions in their behavior. Her prediction is an example of a _______. a. theory c. response set b. hypothesis d. scientifically based conjecture ANSWER: B Diff: M Page: 20 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Applied 152. According to the text, drawing conclusions about the hypothesis is the ______ step in the scientific method. a. first c. third b. second d. fourth ANSWER: D Diff: M Page: 20 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Factual 153. Scientists are reasonably confident that group differences are significant when the probability that chance alone can explain the difference is less than ______ percent. a. 2 c. 7 b. 5 d. 10 ANSWER: B Diff: E Page: 20 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Factual 154. ______ are designed to promote the dignity of the individual, protect human welfare, and preserve scientific integrity. a. Research methodologies c. Ethical principles b. Sampling techniques d. Research grants ANSWER: C Diff: E Page: 20 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Conceptual 155. To review psychological research proposals to ensure their adherence to ethical guidelines, each universityand hospital must have a(an) ______. a. ethical oversight committee c. research equity committee b. institutional review board d. scientific ethics panel ANSWER: B35 Diff: M Page: 20 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Factual 156. The principle of ______ requires that people be free to choose whether they wish to participate in research studies and must be given sufficient information in advance about the study’s purposes, methods, risks, and benefits to allow them to make a knowledgeable decision about their participation. a. informed consent c. debriefing b. confidentiality d. free will ANSWER: A Diff: M Page: 20 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Factual 157. In studies in which information was withheld or deception was used, subjects must later receive an explanation of the true methods and purposes of the study and why it was necessary to keep them in the dark. This process is known as ______. a. informed consent c. debriefing b. confidentiality d. free will ANSWER: C Diff: M Page: 21 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Factual 158. _______________ is the principle that research subjects have the right to expect that their identities will not be disclosed and that records of the research will be kept similarly secure. a. Selective secrecy c. Debriefing b. Confidentiality d. Preemptive exclusion ANSWER: B Diff: E Page: 21 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Factual 159. The research method in which subjects are observed unobtrusively, so that their behavior is not affected by the known presence of an observer, is the ______ method. a. case-study c. correlational b. experimental d. naturalistic observation ANSWER: D Diff: E Page: 21 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Factual 160. The research method in which behavior is observed in the field, where it happens, is the ______ method.36 a. case-study c. naturalistic observation b. experimental d. psychometric ANSWER: C Diff: E Page: 21 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Factual 161. Naturalistic observation reveals _______. a. neither how nor why subjects behave b. how subjects behave but not why c. why subjects behave but not how d. both how and why subjects behave ANSWER: B Diff: M Page: 21 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Conceptual 162. Ellen decides to study overweight people. She designs her study so that she will observe overweight and normal people eating in restaurants to see if there are differences in what they order, how quickly they eat, and how much they eat. The diners will not know they are being observed. Ellen's research design employs the ______ method. a. survey c. naturalistic observation b. experimental d. case-study ANSWER: C Diff: E Page: 21 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Applied 163. Naturalistic observation does NOT necessarily reveal _______. a. how subjects behave b. where subjects engage in observed behaviors c. why subjects behave as they do d. when subjects engage in observed behaviors ANSWER: C Diff: M Page: 21 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Conceptual 164. A scientific method of study that examines the relationships between factors or variables expressed in statistical terms is the _______ method. a. survey c. correlational b. experimental d. case study ANSWER: C Diff: M Page: 21 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Factual37 165. A statistical measure of the association between two variables is a(n) ______. a. variable matrix c. correlation coefficient b. independent variable d. reciprocal function ANSWER: C Diff: M Page: 21 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Factual 166. The range of numbers that may be used to express a correlation coefficient is between a. 0 and +1.00 c. -1.00 and 0 b. -1.00 and +1.00 d. -0.10 and +0.10 ANSWER: B Diff: M Page: 21 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Factual 167. In a correlational study, when one variable increases as a second variable increases, there is a _______ correlation between them. a. random c. complementary b. positive d. negative ANSWER: B Diff: M Page: 21 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Factual 168. In a correlational study, when one variable increases as a second variable decreases, there is a _______ correlation between them. a. random c. complementary b. positive d. negative ANSWER: D Diff: M Page: 21 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Factual 169. Jan decides to study overweight people. She designs a correlational study comparing weight level and heart disease. She finds that as weight level increases, so does heart disease. Jan's study has found a ______ correlation. a. random c. complementary b. positive d. negative ANSWER: B Diff: M Page: 21 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Applied38 170. Jill decides to study overweight people. She designs a correlational study comparing weight level and level of physical activity. She finds that as the level of physical activity decreases, weight level increases. Jill's study has found a _______ correlation. a. random c. complementary b. positive d. negative ANSWER: D Diff: M Page: 21 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Applied 171. Marge decides to study overweight people. She designs a study which will statistically compare weight level and level of physical activity to see if there is a significant statistical relationship between them. Marge's study is typical of the _______ method of research. a. survey c. correlational b. psychometric d. experimental ANSWER: C Diff: E Page: 21 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Applied 172. Researchers have found that among schoolchildren, as the amount of time they spend reading increases, so do their grades. This is an example of a(n) ______. a. positive correlation c. additive correlation b. negative correlation d. statistical anomaly ANSWER: A Diff: M Page: 21 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Applied 173. Researchers have found that among schoolchildren, as the amount of time they spend watching television increases, their grades decrease. This is an example of a(n) ______. a. positive correlation c. additive correlation b. negative correlation d. statistical anomaly ANSWER: B Diff: M Page: 21 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Applied 174. Which is the strongest correlation? a. - 0.33 c. + 0.45 b. + 1.21 d. - 0.68 ANSWER: D Diff: M Page: 21 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Factual39 175. Correlational studies can prove _______. a. neither if a relationship exists nor if it is causal b. if a relationship exists, but not if it is causal c. if a relationship exists, and if it is causal in some situations d. if a relationship exists, and if it is causal in every situation ANSWER: B Diff: E Page: 22 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Factual 176. Which of the following is NOT true of correlational studies? a. They examine statistical relationships between variables. b. They can reveal significant relationships that are hypothesized between variables. c. They are useful in achieving the scientific goal of prediction. d. They can prove cause-and-effect relationships between variables. ANSWER: D Diff: M Page: 21-22 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Factual 177. Researchers using correlational methods have found consistently significant positive correlations between depression and negative thinking. What conclusions can you draw from these studies? a. Depression causes negative thinking. b. Negative thinking causes depression. c. Both negative thinking and depression are caused by some unknown outside variable. d. Depression and negative thinking are likely to occur together. ANSWER: D Diff: M Page: 22 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Applied 178. A longitudinal study is a type of _______ study. a. individual case c. experimental b. cross-sectional d. correlational ANSWER: D Diff: M Page: 22 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Factual 179. A well-known Danish longitudinal study has tracked a group of children since 1962 to determine their risk of developing ______. a. diabetes c. schizophrenia b. depression d. heart disease40 ANSWER: C Diff: E Page: 22 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Factual 180. In a longitudinal study, subjects could be studied for as long as ______ a. six months c. two years b. one yeard. decades ANSWER: D Diff: M Page: 22 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Factual 181. A type of research in which people are periodically tested or evaluated over long periods of time is ______ study. a. an experimental c. a cross sectional b. an individual case d. a longitudinal ANSWER: D Diff: M Page: 22 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Factual 182. Longitudinal studies are ______. ensive and quick c. costly but quick b. inexpensive but time consuming d. costly and time consuming ANSWER: D Diff: M Page: 22 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Factual 183. Broadly speaking, a(n) ______ is a trial or test of a hypothesis. a. correlation c. experiment b. case study d. survey ANSWER: C Diff: E Page: 22 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Factual 184. The research technique in which scientists seek to uncover cause-and-effect relationships by directly manipulating independent variables and observing the effects on dependent variables is the ______ method. a. correlational c. psychometric b. experimental d. case-study ANSWER: B Diff: E Page: 22 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Factual41 185. In an experiment, the suspected causal variables that are manipulated by the experimenter are known as ______ variables. a. independent c. dependent b. codependent d. reciprocal ANSWER: A Diff: D Page: 22 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Factual 186. In an experiment, the observed effects on subjects' behavior resulting from experimenters manipulating suspected causal variables are called ______ variables. a. independent c. dependent b. codependent d. reciprocal ANSWER: C Diff: D Page: 22 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Factual 187. Jen decides to study the effects of alcohol on driving ability. She selects 200 college students and randomly divides them into two groups of 100 students each. Subjects in group "A" drive a car through an obstacle course while remaining sober. Subjects in group "B" also drive through the obstacle course, but they are given an ounce of whiskey before each attempt at driving the course. As expected, the driving ability of subjects in group "B" steadily deteriorates as they consume more alcohol. In Jen's study, the amount of alcohol consumed is the ______. a. independent variable c. dependent variable b. codependent variable d. reciprocal variable ANSWER: A Diff: D Page: 22 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Applied 188. Helen decides to study the effects of alcohol on driving ability. She selects 200 college students and randomly divides them into two groups of 100 students each. Subjects in group "A" drive a car through an obstacle course while remaining sober. Subjects in group "B" also drive through the obstacle course, but they are given an ounce of whiskey before each attempt at driving the course. As expected, the driving ability of subjects in group "B" steadily deteriorates as they consume more alcohol. In Helen's study, the subjects' driving ability is the ______. a. independent variable c. dependent variable b. codependent variable d. reciprocal variable ANSWER: C Diff: D Page: 22 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Applied42 189. In a study on alcohol and driving ability, half the subjects are given alcohol before driving an obstacle course, while the remaining subjects drive the course while remaining sober. In this study, those subjects who are given the alcohol before driving the course comprise the ______ group. a. control c. observation b. placebo d. experimental ANSWER: D Diff: M Page: 22-23 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Applied 190. In a study on alcohol and driving ability, half the subjects are given alcohol before driving an obstacle course, while the remaining subjects drive the course while remaining sober. In this study, those subjects who drive the course while remaining sober comprise the _______ group. a. control c. observation b. placebo d. experimental ANSWER: A Diff: M Page: 22-23 Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Applied 191. Each of the following are examples of independent variables EXCEPT _______. a. behavioral variables c. types of treatment b. treatment factorsd. experimental manipulations ANSWER: A Diff: M Page: 23 (Table 1.1) Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Conceptual 192. Each of the following is an example of dependent variables EXCEPT _______. a. behavioral variables c. self-report variables b. physiological factors d. treatment factors ANSWER: D Diff: M Page: 23 (Table 1.1) Topic: Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Skill: Conceptual 193. Randy is running a study on alcohol and aggressive behavior. He randomly divides his subjects into two groups because he knows that if he allows his subjects to choose their own groups, aggressive subjects will tend to choose the group receiving alcohol while non-aggressive subjects will tend to choose the group receiving no alcohol. He then would not be able to distinguish the effects of the alcohol from the effects of subjects' innate aggressiven