NUR 211 FUNDAMENTALS EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE VERSION 2
Fundamentals of Professional Nursing
Study Guide for Exam 2—Summer 2015
This is a brief overview of the concepts we have studied so far in this course. The
exam will mainly cover the topics from Modules 4, 5, and 6, and there may be a
sprinkle of content from the material from exam 1 which is considered review.
Highlights of the content we have covered in Modules 4, 5, & 6:
Glucose regulation
Know normal ranges for blood glucose
Hypoglycemia: under 70 mg/dL
Normal: 70-140mg/dL
Hyperglycemia: over 140 mg/dL
Review the role of glucagon, glycogen, cortisol, ketones, and
insulin
1. Glucagon – Helps increase blood glucose (blood sugar)
during hypoglycemia. Produced by alpha cells in the
islets of Langerhans. When released it stimulates liver to
breakdown glycogen to be released into the blood as
glucose.
2. Glycogen –The stored form of glucose. Stored mainly in
the liver and the muscles. Triggered by Glucagon to be
released and broken down into glucose for body to use.
3. Ketones – are an acid left over when the body burns its
own fat for energy when it cannot obtain glucose from
the blood.
4. Insulin – Hormone that helps lower blood glucose.
Created within the Pancreas from Beta Cells. Type 1
Diabetics use Insulin ALWAYS; Type 2 may need it if
their body doesn’t make enough insulin.
Review the effects of steroid use and infection for the diabetic
client
, 1. Steroids (such as prednisone) can increase glucose levels
in patients with diabetes as well as those with impaired
glucose tolerance or pre-diabetics. Prednisone elevates
blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose secretion by
the liver leading to glucose toxicity and impairing insulin
secretion. Prednisone also affects the immune system by
suppressing it (anti-inflammatory) making the diabetic
more susceptible to infection and illness. You want to
taper off prednisone gradually, not immediately. Use
only for short periods of time.
Know the signs and symptoms of Hypoglycemia and
Hyperglycemia
o Review nursing interventions for both
Hypoglycemia
Irritability, fatigue, confusion, unconsciousness,
slurred speech, hungry, shaky, weak, dizzy,
sweaty, inattentive.
Blood Glucose Level 70 or less
Hyperglycemia
“Poly-Sisters” (Polyuria, Polyphagia,
Polydipsia)
Not enough glucose reaching the cells, and
staying in the blood instead.
Sweet breath, hungry, thirsty, excessive urine,
N/V, weight loss, stomach pain, dry mouth.
Blood Glucose Level 140 or above
o Review long-term consequences of hyperglycemia
Retinopathy (blindness)
Nephropathy (ESRD)
Peripheral Neuropathy (tissue death, poor feeling in
extremities)
PVD, CVD
Fundamentals of Professional Nursing
Study Guide for Exam 2—Summer 2015
This is a brief overview of the concepts we have studied so far in this course. The
exam will mainly cover the topics from Modules 4, 5, and 6, and there may be a
sprinkle of content from the material from exam 1 which is considered review.
Highlights of the content we have covered in Modules 4, 5, & 6:
Glucose regulation
Know normal ranges for blood glucose
Hypoglycemia: under 70 mg/dL
Normal: 70-140mg/dL
Hyperglycemia: over 140 mg/dL
Review the role of glucagon, glycogen, cortisol, ketones, and
insulin
1. Glucagon – Helps increase blood glucose (blood sugar)
during hypoglycemia. Produced by alpha cells in the
islets of Langerhans. When released it stimulates liver to
breakdown glycogen to be released into the blood as
glucose.
2. Glycogen –The stored form of glucose. Stored mainly in
the liver and the muscles. Triggered by Glucagon to be
released and broken down into glucose for body to use.
3. Ketones – are an acid left over when the body burns its
own fat for energy when it cannot obtain glucose from
the blood.
4. Insulin – Hormone that helps lower blood glucose.
Created within the Pancreas from Beta Cells. Type 1
Diabetics use Insulin ALWAYS; Type 2 may need it if
their body doesn’t make enough insulin.
Review the effects of steroid use and infection for the diabetic
client
, 1. Steroids (such as prednisone) can increase glucose levels
in patients with diabetes as well as those with impaired
glucose tolerance or pre-diabetics. Prednisone elevates
blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose secretion by
the liver leading to glucose toxicity and impairing insulin
secretion. Prednisone also affects the immune system by
suppressing it (anti-inflammatory) making the diabetic
more susceptible to infection and illness. You want to
taper off prednisone gradually, not immediately. Use
only for short periods of time.
Know the signs and symptoms of Hypoglycemia and
Hyperglycemia
o Review nursing interventions for both
Hypoglycemia
Irritability, fatigue, confusion, unconsciousness,
slurred speech, hungry, shaky, weak, dizzy,
sweaty, inattentive.
Blood Glucose Level 70 or less
Hyperglycemia
“Poly-Sisters” (Polyuria, Polyphagia,
Polydipsia)
Not enough glucose reaching the cells, and
staying in the blood instead.
Sweet breath, hungry, thirsty, excessive urine,
N/V, weight loss, stomach pain, dry mouth.
Blood Glucose Level 140 or above
o Review long-term consequences of hyperglycemia
Retinopathy (blindness)
Nephropathy (ESRD)
Peripheral Neuropathy (tissue death, poor feeling in
extremities)
PVD, CVD
