NUR 211 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING FINAL EXAM CONCEPT
Fundamentals of Nursing Final Exam Concept Review
Tanner’s Model of Clinical Judgment
o Noticing: Identifying signs and symptoms, gathering data,
assessing, predicting and managing complications
o Interpreting: comparing data, clustering information,
recognizing inconsistencies, figuring out relative
information,
o Responding: carrying out nursing skills and effective
communication, delegating and setting priorities
o Reflecting: evaluating, determine effectiveness, evaluating
and correcting thinking
The Nursing Process
o Assessment
Collect, analyze data about the client, physiological,
sociocultural, spiritual economic and life style factors.
o Diagnosis
Nurse’s clinical judgment about the client’s response to
actual or potential health conditions or needs.
o Planning
The nurse sets measurable and achievable short or long
range goals for this patient that might.
o Implementation
Nursing care is implemented according to the care
plan, so continuity of care for the patient during
hospitalization and in preparation for discharge needs
to be assured
o Evaluation
Both the patient’s status and the effectiveness of the
nursing care must be continuously evaluated and the
care plan modified as needed.
Chain of Infection
o An infection occurs because of a cyclic process consisting of
six components
o Infectious agent: Bacteria is the most common, cocci, bacilli,
gram negative, gram positive, aerobic, anaerobic. Virus is the
smallest of all microorganisms. Fungi is a plant like
organisms
o reservoir: growth and multiplication of microorganisms is
the natural habitat of the organism. Types of reservoirs:
People, animals, water
, NUR 211 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING FINAL EXAM CONCEPT
Fundamentals of Nursing Final Exam Concept Review
o portal of exit: point of escape for the organism from the
reservoir. The organism can’t extend its influence unless it
moves away from its original reservoir. Each type of
microorganism has a primary exit route: respiratory, GI,
breaks of the skin.
o means of transmission: can enter the body directly:
Toughing, kissing, sexual intercourse. portals of entry,
susceptible host. Indirectly: personal contact with an
inanimate object, contaminated instruments.
o Portal of entry: the organism must find a portal of entry to a
host or it may die. Urinary, respiratory, GI tract and skin are
common portals of entry.
Stages of Infection
o Incubation period: interval between the pathogens invasion
and the body and the appearance of symptoms of infection.
Organisms are growing and multiplying. Length of
incubation may vary.
o Prodromal stage: early signs and symptoms of disease are
present, vague and nonspecific, fatigue, low grade fever.
Patient often is unaware of being contagious
o Full stage of illness: presence of specific signs and symptoms
indicates the full stage of illness. Symptoms that are limited
or occur in only one body area are referred to as localized
symptoms, whereas symptoms manifested throughout the
entire body are referred to as systemic symptoms
o Convalescent period: recovery period from the infection.
Signs and symptoms disappear, person returns to healthy,
the same infections may continue to cycle through the
phases.
Precautions, proper use of PPE, proper hand hygiene,
and sterile fields
o Hand washing before meals and after toileting for 20 seconds
o where gloves if contact with body fluids.
o Contact precautions (MRSA, C diff, lice, scabies): Gown,
gloves
o Droplet precautions (Meningitis, pertussis, vomiting, flu):
Gown, gloves, surgical grade 120 mmHg fluid resistant mask
with face shield
o Airborne precautions (TB, Chickenpox, Measles): gown,
gloves, N95 mask, negative pressure room
Fundamentals of Nursing Final Exam Concept Review
Tanner’s Model of Clinical Judgment
o Noticing: Identifying signs and symptoms, gathering data,
assessing, predicting and managing complications
o Interpreting: comparing data, clustering information,
recognizing inconsistencies, figuring out relative
information,
o Responding: carrying out nursing skills and effective
communication, delegating and setting priorities
o Reflecting: evaluating, determine effectiveness, evaluating
and correcting thinking
The Nursing Process
o Assessment
Collect, analyze data about the client, physiological,
sociocultural, spiritual economic and life style factors.
o Diagnosis
Nurse’s clinical judgment about the client’s response to
actual or potential health conditions or needs.
o Planning
The nurse sets measurable and achievable short or long
range goals for this patient that might.
o Implementation
Nursing care is implemented according to the care
plan, so continuity of care for the patient during
hospitalization and in preparation for discharge needs
to be assured
o Evaluation
Both the patient’s status and the effectiveness of the
nursing care must be continuously evaluated and the
care plan modified as needed.
Chain of Infection
o An infection occurs because of a cyclic process consisting of
six components
o Infectious agent: Bacteria is the most common, cocci, bacilli,
gram negative, gram positive, aerobic, anaerobic. Virus is the
smallest of all microorganisms. Fungi is a plant like
organisms
o reservoir: growth and multiplication of microorganisms is
the natural habitat of the organism. Types of reservoirs:
People, animals, water
, NUR 211 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING FINAL EXAM CONCEPT
Fundamentals of Nursing Final Exam Concept Review
o portal of exit: point of escape for the organism from the
reservoir. The organism can’t extend its influence unless it
moves away from its original reservoir. Each type of
microorganism has a primary exit route: respiratory, GI,
breaks of the skin.
o means of transmission: can enter the body directly:
Toughing, kissing, sexual intercourse. portals of entry,
susceptible host. Indirectly: personal contact with an
inanimate object, contaminated instruments.
o Portal of entry: the organism must find a portal of entry to a
host or it may die. Urinary, respiratory, GI tract and skin are
common portals of entry.
Stages of Infection
o Incubation period: interval between the pathogens invasion
and the body and the appearance of symptoms of infection.
Organisms are growing and multiplying. Length of
incubation may vary.
o Prodromal stage: early signs and symptoms of disease are
present, vague and nonspecific, fatigue, low grade fever.
Patient often is unaware of being contagious
o Full stage of illness: presence of specific signs and symptoms
indicates the full stage of illness. Symptoms that are limited
or occur in only one body area are referred to as localized
symptoms, whereas symptoms manifested throughout the
entire body are referred to as systemic symptoms
o Convalescent period: recovery period from the infection.
Signs and symptoms disappear, person returns to healthy,
the same infections may continue to cycle through the
phases.
Precautions, proper use of PPE, proper hand hygiene,
and sterile fields
o Hand washing before meals and after toileting for 20 seconds
o where gloves if contact with body fluids.
o Contact precautions (MRSA, C diff, lice, scabies): Gown,
gloves
o Droplet precautions (Meningitis, pertussis, vomiting, flu):
Gown, gloves, surgical grade 120 mmHg fluid resistant mask
with face shield
o Airborne precautions (TB, Chickenpox, Measles): gown,
gloves, N95 mask, negative pressure room
