Test Bank to accompany Life: The Science of Biology, Eleventh Edition Sadava • Hillis • Heller • Hacker Chapter 20: Mechanisms of Evolution

Test Bank to accompany Life: The Science of Biology, Eleventh Edition Sadava • Hillis • Heller • Hacker Chapter 20: Mechanisms of Evolution TEST BANK QUESTIONS Multiple Choice 1. Which vegetable was produced from wild mustard, Brassica oleracea, through continued selection for larger stems and flowers? a. Kale b. Brussels sprouts c. Cabbage d. Cauliflower e. Broccoli Learning Outcome: 20.1.1.a Describe an example in which evolution by natural selection can be observed directly within a human lifetime; 20.2.4.b Describe the changes that resulted from selection operating on wild mustard. Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 2. The artificial selection experiments with bristle numbers in Drosophila illustrated which generality? a. In such experiments, it is difficult to obtain individuals with traits that fall outside the range found in the original population. b. Populations often contain considerable genetic variation upon which selection can operate. c. Such experiments usually take thousands of generations to achieve their results. d. Mutations occur to suit the needs of the population. e. New species can be created via artificial selection. Learning Outcome: 20.1.3.a Apply the principles of selection to predict and explain evolutionary outcomes; 20.2.4.a Summarize the implications of the results of artificial selection experiments. Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding 3. Which phrase best describes natural selection? a. The differential survival and reproduction of individuals b. Chance variations in traits c. The processes that lead individuals to resemble their parents d. The potential for all species to increase rapidly in number e. Individuals evolving in response to environmental change Learning Outcome: 20.1.3.b Define natural selection. Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding 4. The graph shows the range of variation among population members for a trait determined by multiple genes. Suppose that there were no genetic component to this trait. If this population were subject to stabilizing selection for several generations, which distributions would be most likely to result? Assume that the environment stayed the same. a. a b. b c. c d. d e. None of the above; there would be no change in the distribution. Learning Outcome: 20.1.3.c Understand the importance of heredity to natural selection; 20.4.1.a Describe the effect of each type of selection (stabilizing, directional, and disruptive) on phenotype distribution. Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing 5. Biologists recently discovered that black wolves got their coat color from exchanging genes with dogs. This is an example of a. genetic drift. b. gene pools. c. gene flow. d. a founder effect. e. an adaptation. Learning Outcome: 20.1.4.a Explain how evolution produces diversity and provides evidence of common ancestry; 20.2.6.a Determine whether a process represents gene flow. Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying 6. Which statement about Darwin is true? a. Even as a youth he recognized that life evolves. b. He published his observations about evolution soon after the HMS Beagle arrived in England. c. He recognized that animals on the Galápagos Islands were all identical to those on the mainland. d. He had a keen interest in geology. e. He was the first to present evidence that life has evolved. Learning Outcome: 20.1.5.a Summarize the influences on Darwin and his development of evolutionary theory. Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering 7. What is the main difference between Darwin and Wallace with respect to their contributions to evolutionary biology? a. Only Darwin had been a naturalist and had studied animals and plants in their natural settings. b. Only Wallace had been a naturalist and had studied animals and plants in their natural settings. c. Darwin presented more extensive evidence in support of evolution than Wallace. d. Darwin developed a mathematical model of evolution. e. Wallace developed a mathematical model of evolution. Learning Outcome: 20.1.5.b Compare and contrast the contributions of Darwin and Wallace to evolutionary biology. Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding 8. Which understanding do modern biologists have that Darwin did not have? a. The tendency of individuals to resemble their parents b. The common ancestry of species that exist today c. The details of genetic inheritance d. The operation of natural selection on changes in species over time e. The greater similarity of species in temperate and tropical regions of South America than of species in temperate regions of South America and Europe Learning Outcome: 20.1.6.a Compare Darwin’s theory of natural selection to our current understanding of evolution. Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding 9. If variation at a given locus has no effect on the phenotypes of individuals, which evolutionary process will still occur at that locus? a. Genetic drift b. Natural selection c. Nonrandom mating d. Purifying selection e. Positive selection Learning Outcome: 20.2.1.a Describe how each of the five processes of evolution can result in changes in gene frequencies across generations of a population; 20.2.7.a Explain what genetic drift is and why it occurs. Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding 10. Different populations of mice that were previously isolated now experience gene flow. What is the most likely outcome after several generations? a. The populations will become more genetically similar to one another. b. The populations will become less genetically similar to one another. c. The total amount of genetic variation across all of the populations will increase. d. The total amount of genetic variation across all of the populations will decrease. e. A founder effect will occur. Learning Outcome: 20.2.1.b Predict the effects of each of the five processes of evolution on a population. Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing 11. Suppose mutation and selection no longer occurred in a small, isolated population of nematodes. Which process would most likely continue operating, and what would be the most likely effect on the extent of genetic variation? a. Gene flow would lead to an increase in genetic variation. b. Gene flow would lead to a decrease in genetic variation. c. Genetic drift would lead to an increase in genetic variation. d. Genetic drift would lead to a decrease in genetic variation. e. Genetic drift would operate but would have no effect on genetic variation. Learning Outcome: 20.2.1.b Predict the effects of each of the five processes of evolution on a population. Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing 12. Suppose there are three isolated populations of a beetle: population A has had a constant population size of 10,000, population B has had a constant population size of 1,000, and population C has had a constant population size of 100. We would most expect to see an increase in the frequency of deleterious alleles in population due to . a. A; genetic drift b. A; purifying selection c. B; purifying selection d. C; genetic drift e. C; gene flow '.............................................continued.......................................................