NR328 Exam I Study Guide
This document has been provided to assist you in your preparation for the first exam. Students
are responsible for all content covered in class, the course shell, assigned & suggested
readings. The highlights here are provided as concepts that are pertinent, however there may
be material on the exam that is not specifically listed here. It is recommended that you begin
with the preparation early.
Unit 1
Erikson’s Developmental Stages
o Infants
Trust VS Mistrust: learning when they cry hopefully someone will respond
and they learn they can build trust with caregiver, if it doesn’t happen,
mistrust will develop.
o Toddlers
Autonomy VS Shame/doubt: toddlers working towards there
independence, want to do everything on their own.
o Preschoolers
Initiative VS Guilt: trying to find their independence, favorite word “no”.
o School-age
Industry VS Inferiority: peer pressure, no afraid of anything, try different
things, explore, want to be encouraged. If not they feel like they don’t
matter.
o Adolescents
Identity VS Role confusion: Trying to find out who they are, where they fit
in and are they going to succumb to peer pressure.
Importance of Play
o Types of play
o Infants
Solitary play: They like to play with themselves. “baby goooing and
gaaaing on hands”
o Toddlers
Parallel (side by side) play: they play in the same vicinity, toddlers
are egocentric and selfish huddled up but not playing with each
other directly.
o Preschoolers
Associative play: play with each other, have purpose, chase each
other “hide and go seek”
How Obesity is defined in Children
o BMI/Percentile
Based on growth chart and percentile
, Anything <5% = failure to thrive
Anything > 95 % = obese in children
o Complications of obesity in children
o Metabolic syndrome
30% in obese children
Emotional consequences of obesity include:
Low self esteem
Social isolation
Anxiety
Depression
Increased risk of developing eating disorders
Characterized as hyperinsulinemia, obesity, hypertension and
dyslipidemia and develops before any of these conditions develop.
Healthy People 2020 goals for Children
Increase quality and length of healthy life
Eliminate health disparities
Common chronic diseases in childhood
Dental caries: single most preventable chronic disease of childhood.
Child should be seen by dentist when child has first tooth.
Anticipatory Guidance
o Infants
Birth to 6 months
Care safety with use of federally approved restraints, facing forwards, In
the middles of the back seat-not in a seat with an air bag
Parents adjustment to newborn-postpartum emotional needs
Teach care of infants and help parent understand the infants individual
needs and temperament and that the infant expresses wants through
crying
Establish a schedule that meets needs of infant and themselves
Help parents understand infants needs for simulation in environment
Support parents pleasure in seeing infant growing friendliness and social
responses especially smiling
Safety safety safety!!!
Immunizations are IMPORTANT
Prepare intro to solid foods
6-12 months
Prepare for infants “stranger anxiety”
, Allow infants to cling to them and avoid long separation from either
parent
Guide encourage use of negative voice and eye contact rather that
physical punishment as means of discipline
Encourage showing most attention when infant is behaving well rather
that when infant is crying
Injury prevention because infants advancing motor skills and curiosity
Encourage parents to leave infant with suitable caregiver to allow some
free time
Discuss readiness for weaning
Explore parents feelings regarding infants sleep patterns
o Toddlers
12-18 months
Expect behavior changes of toddler especially negativism and ritualism
Assess feeding habits and encourage gradual weaning from bottle and
increasing intake of solid foods
Stress expected feeding changes of physiologic anorexia, presence of food
fads and strong taste preferences, schedule routine mealtimes, inability
to sit through entire meals and lack of table manners
Assess sleep patterns
Prepare for potential dangers of motor vehicles, poisoning, and falling
injuries; give appropriate suggestions for childproofing the home
Discuss need for firm but gentle discipline and ways to deal with
negativism and temper tantrums; stress positive benefits of appropriate
discipline
Discuss toys that develop gross and fine motor, language, cognitive and
social skills
Emphasize need for dental supervision DENTAL CARIES!!!
18-24 months
Stress importance of companionship in play
Explore need for preparation for additional siblings/stress importance of
preparing child for new experiences
Discuss present discipline methods, their effectiveness and parents
feelings about child negativism/stress that negativism is important aspect
of developing self-assertion and independence and is not a sign of
spoiling
Discuss signs of readiness for toilet training/wait for physical and
psychological readiness
Discuss developmental fears of dark and loud noises/security
blankets/thumb sucking
Prepare for signs of regression in times of stress
This document has been provided to assist you in your preparation for the first exam. Students
are responsible for all content covered in class, the course shell, assigned & suggested
readings. The highlights here are provided as concepts that are pertinent, however there may
be material on the exam that is not specifically listed here. It is recommended that you begin
with the preparation early.
Unit 1
Erikson’s Developmental Stages
o Infants
Trust VS Mistrust: learning when they cry hopefully someone will respond
and they learn they can build trust with caregiver, if it doesn’t happen,
mistrust will develop.
o Toddlers
Autonomy VS Shame/doubt: toddlers working towards there
independence, want to do everything on their own.
o Preschoolers
Initiative VS Guilt: trying to find their independence, favorite word “no”.
o School-age
Industry VS Inferiority: peer pressure, no afraid of anything, try different
things, explore, want to be encouraged. If not they feel like they don’t
matter.
o Adolescents
Identity VS Role confusion: Trying to find out who they are, where they fit
in and are they going to succumb to peer pressure.
Importance of Play
o Types of play
o Infants
Solitary play: They like to play with themselves. “baby goooing and
gaaaing on hands”
o Toddlers
Parallel (side by side) play: they play in the same vicinity, toddlers
are egocentric and selfish huddled up but not playing with each
other directly.
o Preschoolers
Associative play: play with each other, have purpose, chase each
other “hide and go seek”
How Obesity is defined in Children
o BMI/Percentile
Based on growth chart and percentile
, Anything <5% = failure to thrive
Anything > 95 % = obese in children
o Complications of obesity in children
o Metabolic syndrome
30% in obese children
Emotional consequences of obesity include:
Low self esteem
Social isolation
Anxiety
Depression
Increased risk of developing eating disorders
Characterized as hyperinsulinemia, obesity, hypertension and
dyslipidemia and develops before any of these conditions develop.
Healthy People 2020 goals for Children
Increase quality and length of healthy life
Eliminate health disparities
Common chronic diseases in childhood
Dental caries: single most preventable chronic disease of childhood.
Child should be seen by dentist when child has first tooth.
Anticipatory Guidance
o Infants
Birth to 6 months
Care safety with use of federally approved restraints, facing forwards, In
the middles of the back seat-not in a seat with an air bag
Parents adjustment to newborn-postpartum emotional needs
Teach care of infants and help parent understand the infants individual
needs and temperament and that the infant expresses wants through
crying
Establish a schedule that meets needs of infant and themselves
Help parents understand infants needs for simulation in environment
Support parents pleasure in seeing infant growing friendliness and social
responses especially smiling
Safety safety safety!!!
Immunizations are IMPORTANT
Prepare intro to solid foods
6-12 months
Prepare for infants “stranger anxiety”
, Allow infants to cling to them and avoid long separation from either
parent
Guide encourage use of negative voice and eye contact rather that
physical punishment as means of discipline
Encourage showing most attention when infant is behaving well rather
that when infant is crying
Injury prevention because infants advancing motor skills and curiosity
Encourage parents to leave infant with suitable caregiver to allow some
free time
Discuss readiness for weaning
Explore parents feelings regarding infants sleep patterns
o Toddlers
12-18 months
Expect behavior changes of toddler especially negativism and ritualism
Assess feeding habits and encourage gradual weaning from bottle and
increasing intake of solid foods
Stress expected feeding changes of physiologic anorexia, presence of food
fads and strong taste preferences, schedule routine mealtimes, inability
to sit through entire meals and lack of table manners
Assess sleep patterns
Prepare for potential dangers of motor vehicles, poisoning, and falling
injuries; give appropriate suggestions for childproofing the home
Discuss need for firm but gentle discipline and ways to deal with
negativism and temper tantrums; stress positive benefits of appropriate
discipline
Discuss toys that develop gross and fine motor, language, cognitive and
social skills
Emphasize need for dental supervision DENTAL CARIES!!!
18-24 months
Stress importance of companionship in play
Explore need for preparation for additional siblings/stress importance of
preparing child for new experiences
Discuss present discipline methods, their effectiveness and parents
feelings about child negativism/stress that negativism is important aspect
of developing self-assertion and independence and is not a sign of
spoiling
Discuss signs of readiness for toilet training/wait for physical and
psychological readiness
Discuss developmental fears of dark and loud noises/security
blankets/thumb sucking
Prepare for signs of regression in times of stress
