NR 507 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE VERSION 4
Chapters 1-5, 11-14, 16-20, 21-25, 27-3-33, 34-39, 40-47
1. GI symptoms resulting in heart burn( ch 41, pg 1429- 1466)
The clinical manifestations of (GERD) reflux esophagitis are heartburn from
acid regurgitation, chronic cough, asthma attacks and laryngitis.
Heartburn also may be experienced as chest pain, which requires ruling out
cardiac ischemia.
Hiatal hernias are often asymptomatic. Generally, a wide variety of
symptoms develop later in life and are associated with other gastrointestinal
disorders, including GERD. Manifestations of the various types of hiatal
hernia are difficult to distinguish. Symptoms include heartburn,
regurgitation, dysphagia, and epigastric pain
Early stages of esophageal carcinoma are asymptomatic. The two main
manifestations of esophageal carcinoma are chest pain and dysphagia. The
most common type of pain is heartburn (pyrosis). It is initiated by eating
spicy or highly seasoned foods and by lying down.
2. Complications of gastric resection surgery (c 41, pg 1439)
Weight loss often follows gastric resection but stabilizes within 3 months.
Inadequate food intake is a common cause because many individuals cannot
tolerate the osmotic effect of carbohydrates or a normal-size meal. Foods
may be poorly absorbed because the stomach is less able to mix, churn, and
break down food particles. Abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and
malabsorption of fats also contribute to weight loss. In the case of
bariatric surgery for extreme obesity, weight loss is the intended outcome.
3. Chicken pox ( c 46,pg 1659)
an infectious viral disease that is spread by direct contact or through the air
by coughing or sneezing; it causes a blister-like rash that first affects the face
and trunk and then can spread over the rest of the body; symptoms include
severe itching, fatigue, and fever.
4. Skin cancer ( ch 46 pg, 1641)
Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are the most prevalent
forms of cancer. Malignant melanoma is the most serious and the most
common cause of death from skin cancer
Chronic ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes most skin cancers. Protection from
UV radiation from the sun and artificial sources (e.g., tanning beds),
particularly during the childhood years, significantly reduces the risk of skin
1
, cancer in later years. Areas commonly exposed to the sun’s rays—face,
neck, and hands—are highly vulnerable for such lesions. Dark-skinned
persons and those avoiding sunlight are significantly less likely to develop
these malignant tumors. In dark-skinned persons, basal cells contain the
pigment melanin, a protective factor against sun exposure
Basal cell carcinoma ( most common) is a surface epithelial tumor of
the skin originating from undifferentiated basal or germinative cells. The
tumors grow upward and laterally or downward to the dermal-epidermal
junction. They usually have depressed centers and rolled borders. Early
tumors are so small that they are not clinically apparent.
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a tumor of the epidermis and the
second most common human cancer. characterized: in situ (Bowen disease
[BD]) and invasive. Areas affected are the head and neck (75%) and the
hands (15%), with 10% of squamous cell carcinomas occurring elsewhere on
the body.
5. Parts of the heart in terms of function, such as pericardium ( ch 31, p 1085)
The heart wall has three layers—the epicardium, myocardium, and
endocardium—and is enclosed in a double-walled membranous sac,
the pericardium
The pericardial sac has several functions. It (1) prevents displacement of
the heart during gravitational acceleration or deceleration, (2) acts as a
physical barrier that protects the heart against infection and inflammation
from the lungs and pleural space, and (3) contains pain receptors and
mechanoreceptors that can elicit reflex changes in blood pressure and heart
rate.
the outer layer of the pericardium, the parietal pericardium, is composed of
a surface layer of mesothelium over a thin layer of connective tissue.
The visceral pericardium, or epicardium, is the inner layer of
the pericardium
At one point the visceral pericardium folds back and becomes continuous
with the parietal pericardium, allowing the large vessels to enter and leave
the heart without breaching the pericardial layer
The outer layer of the heart, the epicardium, provides a smooth surface that
allows the heart to contract and relax within the pericardium with a minimal
amount of friction.
the internal lining of the myocardium is composed of connective tissue and a
layer of squamous cells called the endocardium
The endocardial lining of the heart is continuous with the endothelium that
lines all the arteries, veins, and capillaries of the body, creating a continuous,
closed circulatory system
2
Chapters 1-5, 11-14, 16-20, 21-25, 27-3-33, 34-39, 40-47
1. GI symptoms resulting in heart burn( ch 41, pg 1429- 1466)
The clinical manifestations of (GERD) reflux esophagitis are heartburn from
acid regurgitation, chronic cough, asthma attacks and laryngitis.
Heartburn also may be experienced as chest pain, which requires ruling out
cardiac ischemia.
Hiatal hernias are often asymptomatic. Generally, a wide variety of
symptoms develop later in life and are associated with other gastrointestinal
disorders, including GERD. Manifestations of the various types of hiatal
hernia are difficult to distinguish. Symptoms include heartburn,
regurgitation, dysphagia, and epigastric pain
Early stages of esophageal carcinoma are asymptomatic. The two main
manifestations of esophageal carcinoma are chest pain and dysphagia. The
most common type of pain is heartburn (pyrosis). It is initiated by eating
spicy or highly seasoned foods and by lying down.
2. Complications of gastric resection surgery (c 41, pg 1439)
Weight loss often follows gastric resection but stabilizes within 3 months.
Inadequate food intake is a common cause because many individuals cannot
tolerate the osmotic effect of carbohydrates or a normal-size meal. Foods
may be poorly absorbed because the stomach is less able to mix, churn, and
break down food particles. Abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and
malabsorption of fats also contribute to weight loss. In the case of
bariatric surgery for extreme obesity, weight loss is the intended outcome.
3. Chicken pox ( c 46,pg 1659)
an infectious viral disease that is spread by direct contact or through the air
by coughing or sneezing; it causes a blister-like rash that first affects the face
and trunk and then can spread over the rest of the body; symptoms include
severe itching, fatigue, and fever.
4. Skin cancer ( ch 46 pg, 1641)
Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are the most prevalent
forms of cancer. Malignant melanoma is the most serious and the most
common cause of death from skin cancer
Chronic ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes most skin cancers. Protection from
UV radiation from the sun and artificial sources (e.g., tanning beds),
particularly during the childhood years, significantly reduces the risk of skin
1
, cancer in later years. Areas commonly exposed to the sun’s rays—face,
neck, and hands—are highly vulnerable for such lesions. Dark-skinned
persons and those avoiding sunlight are significantly less likely to develop
these malignant tumors. In dark-skinned persons, basal cells contain the
pigment melanin, a protective factor against sun exposure
Basal cell carcinoma ( most common) is a surface epithelial tumor of
the skin originating from undifferentiated basal or germinative cells. The
tumors grow upward and laterally or downward to the dermal-epidermal
junction. They usually have depressed centers and rolled borders. Early
tumors are so small that they are not clinically apparent.
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a tumor of the epidermis and the
second most common human cancer. characterized: in situ (Bowen disease
[BD]) and invasive. Areas affected are the head and neck (75%) and the
hands (15%), with 10% of squamous cell carcinomas occurring elsewhere on
the body.
5. Parts of the heart in terms of function, such as pericardium ( ch 31, p 1085)
The heart wall has three layers—the epicardium, myocardium, and
endocardium—and is enclosed in a double-walled membranous sac,
the pericardium
The pericardial sac has several functions. It (1) prevents displacement of
the heart during gravitational acceleration or deceleration, (2) acts as a
physical barrier that protects the heart against infection and inflammation
from the lungs and pleural space, and (3) contains pain receptors and
mechanoreceptors that can elicit reflex changes in blood pressure and heart
rate.
the outer layer of the pericardium, the parietal pericardium, is composed of
a surface layer of mesothelium over a thin layer of connective tissue.
The visceral pericardium, or epicardium, is the inner layer of
the pericardium
At one point the visceral pericardium folds back and becomes continuous
with the parietal pericardium, allowing the large vessels to enter and leave
the heart without breaching the pericardial layer
The outer layer of the heart, the epicardium, provides a smooth surface that
allows the heart to contract and relax within the pericardium with a minimal
amount of friction.
the internal lining of the myocardium is composed of connective tissue and a
layer of squamous cells called the endocardium
The endocardial lining of the heart is continuous with the endothelium that
lines all the arteries, veins, and capillaries of the body, creating a continuous,
closed circulatory system
2
