BEHAVIORAL
SCIENCE
CHAPTER 1
BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR
,1.1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
BASIC IDEA
Franz Gall developed doctrine of phrenology
[1758 - 1828] Development of trait
expansion causes bulge on head
to measure psychological attributes
- feeling / measuring the skull respective part of
brain
LATER, PHRENOLOGY [Causes]
shown to be false Expansion
caused further research for psychologists
Pierre Flourens
[1794 - 1867] studied function of major brain sections EXTIRPATION
- by extirpation / ablation various parts of the
ASSERTION, in brain brain are surgically
- specific parts for specific functions removed &
- removal of 1 part weakens entire brain
consequences are
observed.
Williams James
[1842 - 1910] Father of American Psychology
Believed - crucial to study the function of mind in adapting
to environment
contributed to first theories of functionalism
John Dewey FUNCTIONALISM
[1859 - 1952] his 1896 article - inception of
Functionalism studied how mental
Criticized concept of reflex arc process help
Believed - should focus on the stiudy
of the organism as a whole individuals adapt to
their environment
Paul Broca
[1824 - 1880] 1860, Added, examining behavioral of people with brain
damage
Demonstrated - functional impairment linked to specific
brain lesions
Discovery - lesions in specific area on left side brain
(Broca's area) responsible for disabling talks
1
INCEPTION - the establishment / the starting point
DEFICIT - deficiency | Lesion - damaged region in an organ or tissue
, Herman von Helmholtz
[1821 - 1894] measured speed of nerve impulse (first)
- in terms of reaction time
credited - transition of psychology to Natural Science
Sir Charles Sherrington
[1857 - 1952] inferred the existence of synapses (first)
POSTULATE - synaptic transmission is electrical
process
*FACT - primarily chemical process
1.2 ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM
Human Nervous System [HNS] - web of 100 billion cells
Cells - coordinate, communicate, regulate signals
Reaction to external stimuli - via nervous system
- mental and physical actions occur
3 types of nerve cells
1. Sensory / afferent neurons
2. Motor / efferent neurons
3. Interneurons
Sensory / afferent neurons
> transmit sensory information
> receptors to spinal cord & brain
Motor / efferent neurons
> transmit motor information
> spinal cord & brain to muscles & glands
Interneurons
> between other neurons
> numerous
> location - mostly brain & spinal cord
> linked to 'reflex behavior'
- controlled by "reflex arcs" [NEURAL CIRCUITS]
2
CNS - Central Nervous System | PNS - Peripheral Nervous System
SCIENCE
CHAPTER 1
BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR
,1.1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
BASIC IDEA
Franz Gall developed doctrine of phrenology
[1758 - 1828] Development of trait
expansion causes bulge on head
to measure psychological attributes
- feeling / measuring the skull respective part of
brain
LATER, PHRENOLOGY [Causes]
shown to be false Expansion
caused further research for psychologists
Pierre Flourens
[1794 - 1867] studied function of major brain sections EXTIRPATION
- by extirpation / ablation various parts of the
ASSERTION, in brain brain are surgically
- specific parts for specific functions removed &
- removal of 1 part weakens entire brain
consequences are
observed.
Williams James
[1842 - 1910] Father of American Psychology
Believed - crucial to study the function of mind in adapting
to environment
contributed to first theories of functionalism
John Dewey FUNCTIONALISM
[1859 - 1952] his 1896 article - inception of
Functionalism studied how mental
Criticized concept of reflex arc process help
Believed - should focus on the stiudy
of the organism as a whole individuals adapt to
their environment
Paul Broca
[1824 - 1880] 1860, Added, examining behavioral of people with brain
damage
Demonstrated - functional impairment linked to specific
brain lesions
Discovery - lesions in specific area on left side brain
(Broca's area) responsible for disabling talks
1
INCEPTION - the establishment / the starting point
DEFICIT - deficiency | Lesion - damaged region in an organ or tissue
, Herman von Helmholtz
[1821 - 1894] measured speed of nerve impulse (first)
- in terms of reaction time
credited - transition of psychology to Natural Science
Sir Charles Sherrington
[1857 - 1952] inferred the existence of synapses (first)
POSTULATE - synaptic transmission is electrical
process
*FACT - primarily chemical process
1.2 ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM
Human Nervous System [HNS] - web of 100 billion cells
Cells - coordinate, communicate, regulate signals
Reaction to external stimuli - via nervous system
- mental and physical actions occur
3 types of nerve cells
1. Sensory / afferent neurons
2. Motor / efferent neurons
3. Interneurons
Sensory / afferent neurons
> transmit sensory information
> receptors to spinal cord & brain
Motor / efferent neurons
> transmit motor information
> spinal cord & brain to muscles & glands
Interneurons
> between other neurons
> numerous
> location - mostly brain & spinal cord
> linked to 'reflex behavior'
- controlled by "reflex arcs" [NEURAL CIRCUITS]
2
CNS - Central Nervous System | PNS - Peripheral Nervous System
