NUR 2407 PHARM FINAL EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE
VERSION 2
Ch. 37 Cancer, Ch. 38 Targeted Cancer, Ch. 39 Biologic Response Modifiers,
Ch. 33 Antiviral & Malaria,
HIV/AIDS
Antiretroviral drugs slow the growth of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
to prevent acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Classified according to mechanism of action
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)
Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)
Protease inhibitor (PI) (atazanazivir – ATV, Reyataz) Action: block viral
enzyme, protease. SE: GI complaints, lipodystrophy, anemia
Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NtRTI)
Entry inhibitor
HIV integrase inhibitor
Action: Inhibit the function of the virus’s enzyme, reverse transcriptase
Side effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, HA, and fatigue common at first,
neutropenia, anemia.
Prolonged therapy- inhibition of mitochondrial function causes organ
abnormalities, blood disorders, and lipodystrophy (fat moves from face, arms,
and legs to abdomen, breasts, and base of neck)
Patient considerations:
Never stop taking medications. Consult provider if SE are intolerable
Immediately report fever>101degrees, diarrhea, vomiting, dizziness or other
signs of worsening infection, or resistance
, Monitor for renal/hepatic toxicity – yellowing of sclera, light or clay-colored
stools, diminished UO. Increase fluid intake
Infection control and good hygiene
Vaccines: Introducing foreign proteins or inactive cells into the body to trigger
immune activation before the pt is exposed to the real pathogen
Boosters used to provide sustained protection
Titer – Measures amount of antibody produced after vaccine has been administered
Attenuated (live) vaccine – contains microbes that are alive but weakened so they
do not produce disease. MMR, Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine (LAIV)
Intranasal (Flumist), BCG for TB
Inactivated (killed) – contains microbes unable to cause disease. Several boosters
might be necessary. Influenza Injection, Hepatitis Series
Contraindications of LAIV: immunosuppression, chronic disease, H/O Guillain-
Barre syndrome, age > 50 for Flumist
Uses: to prevent measles, influenza, diptheria, polio, whooping cough, shingles,
pneumonia, HPV, tetanus, and hep B
Side effects: Fever, minor aches
Live vaccines – “sub-clinical” case of the disease (minor rash with measles)
Contraindicated in pts who have weakened immune system or symptoms of
diarrhea, vomiting or fever
Primary goal of antimicrobial therapy is to assist the body’s defenses in
eliminating a pathogen
Bacteriocidal – Kills bacteria
Bacteriostatic- Slows growth
Ch. 49 Eye & Ear
Ch. 50 Dermatologic
, Acne Vulgaris
Characteristics – papules, pustules, nodules, comedomes
Nonpharmacologic approach
Antiacne drugs
Keratolytics
• Benzoyl peroxide
• Salicylic acid
Antiacne drugs
Topical retinoids (speed up)
• Tretinoin (Retin-A, Renova)
• Adapalene (Differin)
• Azelaic acid (Azelex)
• Tazarotene (Tazorac)
Oral antibiotics
• Doxycycline
• Minocycline
• Tetracycline
• Erythromycin
Multiple topical combination products – retinoid, antibiotics, BPO…
Antiacne drugs
Systemic: isotretinoin (Amnesteem,Acutane)
Side effects of isotretinoin
Skin irritation, thrombocytopenia, nosebleeds, teratogenic effects
Monitoring of blood work (very liver toxic)
Characteristics
Psoriasis drug treatment (silver scaly plaque)
Topical: Salicylic acid, sulfur, topical glucocorticoids, calcipotriene –
vitamin D (Dovonex), tazarotene (Tazorac), and coal tar (Scytera)
Ultraviolet light
Systemic: Methotrexate
VERSION 2
Ch. 37 Cancer, Ch. 38 Targeted Cancer, Ch. 39 Biologic Response Modifiers,
Ch. 33 Antiviral & Malaria,
HIV/AIDS
Antiretroviral drugs slow the growth of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
to prevent acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Classified according to mechanism of action
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)
Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)
Protease inhibitor (PI) (atazanazivir – ATV, Reyataz) Action: block viral
enzyme, protease. SE: GI complaints, lipodystrophy, anemia
Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NtRTI)
Entry inhibitor
HIV integrase inhibitor
Action: Inhibit the function of the virus’s enzyme, reverse transcriptase
Side effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, HA, and fatigue common at first,
neutropenia, anemia.
Prolonged therapy- inhibition of mitochondrial function causes organ
abnormalities, blood disorders, and lipodystrophy (fat moves from face, arms,
and legs to abdomen, breasts, and base of neck)
Patient considerations:
Never stop taking medications. Consult provider if SE are intolerable
Immediately report fever>101degrees, diarrhea, vomiting, dizziness or other
signs of worsening infection, or resistance
, Monitor for renal/hepatic toxicity – yellowing of sclera, light or clay-colored
stools, diminished UO. Increase fluid intake
Infection control and good hygiene
Vaccines: Introducing foreign proteins or inactive cells into the body to trigger
immune activation before the pt is exposed to the real pathogen
Boosters used to provide sustained protection
Titer – Measures amount of antibody produced after vaccine has been administered
Attenuated (live) vaccine – contains microbes that are alive but weakened so they
do not produce disease. MMR, Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine (LAIV)
Intranasal (Flumist), BCG for TB
Inactivated (killed) – contains microbes unable to cause disease. Several boosters
might be necessary. Influenza Injection, Hepatitis Series
Contraindications of LAIV: immunosuppression, chronic disease, H/O Guillain-
Barre syndrome, age > 50 for Flumist
Uses: to prevent measles, influenza, diptheria, polio, whooping cough, shingles,
pneumonia, HPV, tetanus, and hep B
Side effects: Fever, minor aches
Live vaccines – “sub-clinical” case of the disease (minor rash with measles)
Contraindicated in pts who have weakened immune system or symptoms of
diarrhea, vomiting or fever
Primary goal of antimicrobial therapy is to assist the body’s defenses in
eliminating a pathogen
Bacteriocidal – Kills bacteria
Bacteriostatic- Slows growth
Ch. 49 Eye & Ear
Ch. 50 Dermatologic
, Acne Vulgaris
Characteristics – papules, pustules, nodules, comedomes
Nonpharmacologic approach
Antiacne drugs
Keratolytics
• Benzoyl peroxide
• Salicylic acid
Antiacne drugs
Topical retinoids (speed up)
• Tretinoin (Retin-A, Renova)
• Adapalene (Differin)
• Azelaic acid (Azelex)
• Tazarotene (Tazorac)
Oral antibiotics
• Doxycycline
• Minocycline
• Tetracycline
• Erythromycin
Multiple topical combination products – retinoid, antibiotics, BPO…
Antiacne drugs
Systemic: isotretinoin (Amnesteem,Acutane)
Side effects of isotretinoin
Skin irritation, thrombocytopenia, nosebleeds, teratogenic effects
Monitoring of blood work (very liver toxic)
Characteristics
Psoriasis drug treatment (silver scaly plaque)
Topical: Salicylic acid, sulfur, topical glucocorticoids, calcipotriene –
vitamin D (Dovonex), tazarotene (Tazorac), and coal tar (Scytera)
Ultraviolet light
Systemic: Methotrexate
