HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF - AFRICA: nurses as midwives, herbalist,
wet nurse and caregivers of children
NURSING
and elderly
I. INTUTIVE NURSING (Medieval
Period)
RELIGION- temples became the center of
illness had supernatural cause Medical care
- Theory of Animism - Illness is caused by sin and God’s
displeasure
- good spirits and bad spirits - Priest are regarded as physician, while
- different role of a Physician and Nurse nurses are viewed as slaves, carry
orders from priest-physician
-NURSING AND WOMEN’S ROLE
During this period Nursing was…
-mothers, wives,
daughters, sisters, female slaves - “untaught” and instinctive
- Was performed out of compassion of
-For their family and others, out of the wish to help others
community - No caregiving training is evident
-caring, nurturing, - Was based on experience and
comforting, and supporting observation
ANCIENT TIMES
- Medical wisdom was yet associated II. APPRENTICE NURSING (Middle Ages
with good or evil spirits 16th-19th Century)
- People cared for the ill in their homes Early Christian Period: Nursing with more
or brought them to temples for healing formal and clearly defined role
- Care revolved around the use of magical
thinking superstitious and religious - Formal visit of deaconesses to sick
beliefs people
- EGYPT: worship Goddess Isis and her - Members of male religious orders gave
son Horus- believed to manipulate the nursing care and buried dead
dreams of the sick - More hospitals built for pilgrims
- BABYLON: Code of Hammurabi- earliest - Nursing became respected vocation
documented forms of service and law
governing the practice of medicine; not Early Days of Christianity
included the practice of nursing, but
stated in Old testament - Nursing and care of the sick began to be
- GREECE AND ROME: care of the sick seen as an act of charity, and women
around Mythology: Greek God especially were given the task of
Asklepios as chief healer, wife Epigone nursing
as soother and daughter Hygea as
Vocation of Service
goddess of health
- Ministry of people
- Altruism
batang_g
, - Empathy especially to sick people - Care was done by crusaders, prisoners,
religious orders
- Nursing care was performed without
-no worldly rewards
any formal education and were directed
-commissioned and supported by God – to Him by more experienced nurses
alone all the thanks and glory be given
III. EDUCATED NURSING (NIGHTINGALE
PROTESTANT REFORMATION ERA) (19TH-20TH CENTURY)
- Social reforms changed the roles of
Monasteries and convent wiped out, so too Nurses and Women in general
were the hospitals - Highly influenced by Florence
- Study of medicine flourish but nursing Nightingale (mother of modern nursing)
did not - CRIMEAN WAR (1854-1856)
- Nursing was not considered a suitable - Was asked by Sir Sidney Herbert of the
profession, and those nurses who were British War Department
not in religious orders were seen as ***Barrack Hospital in Turkey: Mortality rate
illiterate, drunken and immoral. Many from 42% to 2%
were prostitutes
- After the Crimean War, Nightingale
Chaos in Middle Ages return to England and she was given
- nursing went down to the lowest level honorarium which she used to develop
- wrath/anger of Protestantism NIGHTINGALE TRAINING SCHOOL FOR
- nurses fled their lives; soon there was NURSES (1860) (AT THOMAS HOSPITAL
shortage of people to care for the sick in London)
- hundreds of hospitals closed, there was - Served as Model to other training
no provision for the sick, no one to care school
for the sick - Their graduates travel to other
- nursing became the work of the least countries to manage hospitals and
desirable of women – prostitutes, institute nurse-training programs
alcoholics, prisoners - The first school of nursing that provide
- to meet the need to care for the sick: both theoretical and clinical
- women prisoners were recruited to - Formal nursing education and nursing
nursing in lieu of their jail sentence service begun
- nurses low pay, work long hours in During this period Nursing was…
unfavorable conditions
- Pastor Theodor Fliedner and his wife, Strongly influenced by:
Frederika
- Resulting from wars- Crimean and civil
-established the
war
Kaiserswerth Institute for the training
- Arousal of social consciousness
of Deaconesses (First Formal Training
- Increased educational opportunities
School for Nurses) in Germany.
offered to women
During this period Nursing was…
batang_g
, - Nursing started to be both an ART AND
SCIENCE
1970’s-1980’s
- Curricula in BSN, master’s and Doctoral
th
IV. Contemporary Nursing (20 century to - Concept of Holism
present) - Reawakening of the importance of ill
person’s spiritual nature and importance
EARLY AND MID- 20TH CENTURY
of spiritual needs
- The original spiritual ministry of Nursing
During this period Nursing was…
remains
- Schools of Nursing was founded in - Scientific and technological development
connection with hospitals as well as social changes mark this period
- Although founded with Nightingale’s - Swing to SCIENCE rather than ART
beliefs, still more on apprenticeship than
educational principles
- Slow progress towards professionalism of
Nursing
Nursing education in this time…
- Nursing schools were affiliated with one
of the predominant religious affiliation
- 3-year diploma schools were not
associated with academic institution
- Schools were sponsored by individual
hospital usually religiously affiliated
- Ceremonies: Capping and Graduation
AFTER WORLD WAR II
- More women worked outside the home
- Because of the war, more need for nurses
- Knowledge explosion in Medicine and
technology- broadening the role of Nurses
- Efforts were directed upgrading Nursing
education
LATTER HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY
- US Nursing schools retain a strong
spiritual milieu
- Began to focus on professional character
of Nursing
- Licensure of Nurses started
- Specialization of hospital and diagnosis
- Training of Nurses in diploma program
batang_g
, Fields of Nursing
1. Nursing in Primary Care Setting
- Primary – initial health care
for general complaints
- Usually the person’s 1st
contact with health care
delivery system
- Managing current health
care needs, and preventing
further problems
- This field includes:
a) Public Health Nursing
b) Occupational Nursing
c) Clinic Nursing
d) School Nursing
e) Private Duty Nursing
f) Military Nursing
g) Ambulatory Care Nursing
h) Nursing in Correctional Facilities
2. Secondary Care or
InstitutionalNursing: Hospital
Nursing
- Early Diagnosis and treatment
- Director of nursing
- Clinical coordinator
- Head nurse
- Staff Nurse
a) OB-Gyne Nursing
b) Pediatric Nursing
c) Orthopedic Nursing
d) OR Nursing
e) Med-Surgical Nursing
f) Psychiatric Nursing
g) ER Nursing
h) Critical Nursing
- Flight Nurse
- Infection-surveillance nurse
3. Tertiary Care
- Skilled care setting
- Rehabilitation Setting
batang_g
wet nurse and caregivers of children
NURSING
and elderly
I. INTUTIVE NURSING (Medieval
Period)
RELIGION- temples became the center of
illness had supernatural cause Medical care
- Theory of Animism - Illness is caused by sin and God’s
displeasure
- good spirits and bad spirits - Priest are regarded as physician, while
- different role of a Physician and Nurse nurses are viewed as slaves, carry
orders from priest-physician
-NURSING AND WOMEN’S ROLE
During this period Nursing was…
-mothers, wives,
daughters, sisters, female slaves - “untaught” and instinctive
- Was performed out of compassion of
-For their family and others, out of the wish to help others
community - No caregiving training is evident
-caring, nurturing, - Was based on experience and
comforting, and supporting observation
ANCIENT TIMES
- Medical wisdom was yet associated II. APPRENTICE NURSING (Middle Ages
with good or evil spirits 16th-19th Century)
- People cared for the ill in their homes Early Christian Period: Nursing with more
or brought them to temples for healing formal and clearly defined role
- Care revolved around the use of magical
thinking superstitious and religious - Formal visit of deaconesses to sick
beliefs people
- EGYPT: worship Goddess Isis and her - Members of male religious orders gave
son Horus- believed to manipulate the nursing care and buried dead
dreams of the sick - More hospitals built for pilgrims
- BABYLON: Code of Hammurabi- earliest - Nursing became respected vocation
documented forms of service and law
governing the practice of medicine; not Early Days of Christianity
included the practice of nursing, but
stated in Old testament - Nursing and care of the sick began to be
- GREECE AND ROME: care of the sick seen as an act of charity, and women
around Mythology: Greek God especially were given the task of
Asklepios as chief healer, wife Epigone nursing
as soother and daughter Hygea as
Vocation of Service
goddess of health
- Ministry of people
- Altruism
batang_g
, - Empathy especially to sick people - Care was done by crusaders, prisoners,
religious orders
- Nursing care was performed without
-no worldly rewards
any formal education and were directed
-commissioned and supported by God – to Him by more experienced nurses
alone all the thanks and glory be given
III. EDUCATED NURSING (NIGHTINGALE
PROTESTANT REFORMATION ERA) (19TH-20TH CENTURY)
- Social reforms changed the roles of
Monasteries and convent wiped out, so too Nurses and Women in general
were the hospitals - Highly influenced by Florence
- Study of medicine flourish but nursing Nightingale (mother of modern nursing)
did not - CRIMEAN WAR (1854-1856)
- Nursing was not considered a suitable - Was asked by Sir Sidney Herbert of the
profession, and those nurses who were British War Department
not in religious orders were seen as ***Barrack Hospital in Turkey: Mortality rate
illiterate, drunken and immoral. Many from 42% to 2%
were prostitutes
- After the Crimean War, Nightingale
Chaos in Middle Ages return to England and she was given
- nursing went down to the lowest level honorarium which she used to develop
- wrath/anger of Protestantism NIGHTINGALE TRAINING SCHOOL FOR
- nurses fled their lives; soon there was NURSES (1860) (AT THOMAS HOSPITAL
shortage of people to care for the sick in London)
- hundreds of hospitals closed, there was - Served as Model to other training
no provision for the sick, no one to care school
for the sick - Their graduates travel to other
- nursing became the work of the least countries to manage hospitals and
desirable of women – prostitutes, institute nurse-training programs
alcoholics, prisoners - The first school of nursing that provide
- to meet the need to care for the sick: both theoretical and clinical
- women prisoners were recruited to - Formal nursing education and nursing
nursing in lieu of their jail sentence service begun
- nurses low pay, work long hours in During this period Nursing was…
unfavorable conditions
- Pastor Theodor Fliedner and his wife, Strongly influenced by:
Frederika
- Resulting from wars- Crimean and civil
-established the
war
Kaiserswerth Institute for the training
- Arousal of social consciousness
of Deaconesses (First Formal Training
- Increased educational opportunities
School for Nurses) in Germany.
offered to women
During this period Nursing was…
batang_g
, - Nursing started to be both an ART AND
SCIENCE
1970’s-1980’s
- Curricula in BSN, master’s and Doctoral
th
IV. Contemporary Nursing (20 century to - Concept of Holism
present) - Reawakening of the importance of ill
person’s spiritual nature and importance
EARLY AND MID- 20TH CENTURY
of spiritual needs
- The original spiritual ministry of Nursing
During this period Nursing was…
remains
- Schools of Nursing was founded in - Scientific and technological development
connection with hospitals as well as social changes mark this period
- Although founded with Nightingale’s - Swing to SCIENCE rather than ART
beliefs, still more on apprenticeship than
educational principles
- Slow progress towards professionalism of
Nursing
Nursing education in this time…
- Nursing schools were affiliated with one
of the predominant religious affiliation
- 3-year diploma schools were not
associated with academic institution
- Schools were sponsored by individual
hospital usually religiously affiliated
- Ceremonies: Capping and Graduation
AFTER WORLD WAR II
- More women worked outside the home
- Because of the war, more need for nurses
- Knowledge explosion in Medicine and
technology- broadening the role of Nurses
- Efforts were directed upgrading Nursing
education
LATTER HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY
- US Nursing schools retain a strong
spiritual milieu
- Began to focus on professional character
of Nursing
- Licensure of Nurses started
- Specialization of hospital and diagnosis
- Training of Nurses in diploma program
batang_g
, Fields of Nursing
1. Nursing in Primary Care Setting
- Primary – initial health care
for general complaints
- Usually the person’s 1st
contact with health care
delivery system
- Managing current health
care needs, and preventing
further problems
- This field includes:
a) Public Health Nursing
b) Occupational Nursing
c) Clinic Nursing
d) School Nursing
e) Private Duty Nursing
f) Military Nursing
g) Ambulatory Care Nursing
h) Nursing in Correctional Facilities
2. Secondary Care or
InstitutionalNursing: Hospital
Nursing
- Early Diagnosis and treatment
- Director of nursing
- Clinical coordinator
- Head nurse
- Staff Nurse
a) OB-Gyne Nursing
b) Pediatric Nursing
c) Orthopedic Nursing
d) OR Nursing
e) Med-Surgical Nursing
f) Psychiatric Nursing
g) ER Nursing
h) Critical Nursing
- Flight Nurse
- Infection-surveillance nurse
3. Tertiary Care
- Skilled care setting
- Rehabilitation Setting
batang_g
