PATHOLOGY
It includes the study of the cause ( etiology ), the manner in which the disease develops ( pathogenesis ),
changes ( lesions) and the final effects brought about in the body, diagnosis and treatment
Involves examining the cause of illness, how it develops, the effect of the illness on cells and the outcome
of the illness
Pathology addresses 4 components of disease: cause/etiology,mechanisms of development
(pathogenesis),structural alterations of cells (morphologic changes),and the consequences of changes
(clinical manifestations)
Hippocrates (Greece) 460-377 BC
- The father of medicine
Cornelius Celsus (Rome) 53 BC- 7 AD
- Described the four cardinal signs of inflammation
Claudius Galen (Rome) 130-200 AD
- Added “loss of function” as fifth sign of inflammation
Giovanni B. Morgagni (Italy) 1682-1771
- Introduced clinicopathologic correlation (CPC) in the study of disease
- Father of CPC’s
William Hunter (Sotland) 1718-1788 & John Hunter (Scotland) 1728- 1793
- Started the 1st ever museum
John Hunter
- Father of Museum
- Introduced pathology museum in the study of disease
Rudolf Virchow (Germany) 1821-1905
- Father of cellular pathology
- Introduced histopathology as a diagnostic branch by his cellular theory
George Papanicolaou (USA) 1883-1962
- Father of exfoliative cytology
- Developed Pap smear for detection of cervical cancer
Subdivisions of Pathology
1.Human pathology
2.Diagnostic pathology
, Two divisions:
General
- Is concerned with the basic reactions of cells and tissues to abnormal stimuli that underlie all
diseases
- Deals with the general principles of disease
Systemic
- Organ and organ system pathology
- Examines the specific responses of specialized organs and tissues to more or less well defined
stimuli
- sIncludes the study of diseases pertaining to the specific organs and body systems
Includes two disciplines:
1. Morphological disciplines
• Involve application of microscope as an essential tool for the study
• Includes histopathology , cytopathology, and haematology
- Histopathology (used synonymously with anatomic pathology)
- Deals with the study of disease in a tissue section
Subdivisions of anatomic pathology:
Surgical pathology
- deals with the study of tissues removed from the living body by biopsy or surgical resection
Experimental pathology
-defined as production of disease in the experimental animal and study of morphological changes
in organs after sacrificing the animal
Forensic pathology and autopsy work
- includes the study of organs and tissues removed at post mortem for medicolegal work and for
determining the underlying sequence and cause of death
Autopsy
“Autopsia”- to see with one’s own eyes
It is usually performed by a specialized medical doctor called pathologist
Purposes
1. To establish the cause of death
2. To interpret and correlate facts surrounding death
3. To identify the decedent (deceased)
4. To establish the time of death
5. To reconstruct the events surrounding the infliction of injury
6. To collect evidence in cases of questionable death
It includes the study of the cause ( etiology ), the manner in which the disease develops ( pathogenesis ),
changes ( lesions) and the final effects brought about in the body, diagnosis and treatment
Involves examining the cause of illness, how it develops, the effect of the illness on cells and the outcome
of the illness
Pathology addresses 4 components of disease: cause/etiology,mechanisms of development
(pathogenesis),structural alterations of cells (morphologic changes),and the consequences of changes
(clinical manifestations)
Hippocrates (Greece) 460-377 BC
- The father of medicine
Cornelius Celsus (Rome) 53 BC- 7 AD
- Described the four cardinal signs of inflammation
Claudius Galen (Rome) 130-200 AD
- Added “loss of function” as fifth sign of inflammation
Giovanni B. Morgagni (Italy) 1682-1771
- Introduced clinicopathologic correlation (CPC) in the study of disease
- Father of CPC’s
William Hunter (Sotland) 1718-1788 & John Hunter (Scotland) 1728- 1793
- Started the 1st ever museum
John Hunter
- Father of Museum
- Introduced pathology museum in the study of disease
Rudolf Virchow (Germany) 1821-1905
- Father of cellular pathology
- Introduced histopathology as a diagnostic branch by his cellular theory
George Papanicolaou (USA) 1883-1962
- Father of exfoliative cytology
- Developed Pap smear for detection of cervical cancer
Subdivisions of Pathology
1.Human pathology
2.Diagnostic pathology
, Two divisions:
General
- Is concerned with the basic reactions of cells and tissues to abnormal stimuli that underlie all
diseases
- Deals with the general principles of disease
Systemic
- Organ and organ system pathology
- Examines the specific responses of specialized organs and tissues to more or less well defined
stimuli
- sIncludes the study of diseases pertaining to the specific organs and body systems
Includes two disciplines:
1. Morphological disciplines
• Involve application of microscope as an essential tool for the study
• Includes histopathology , cytopathology, and haematology
- Histopathology (used synonymously with anatomic pathology)
- Deals with the study of disease in a tissue section
Subdivisions of anatomic pathology:
Surgical pathology
- deals with the study of tissues removed from the living body by biopsy or surgical resection
Experimental pathology
-defined as production of disease in the experimental animal and study of morphological changes
in organs after sacrificing the animal
Forensic pathology and autopsy work
- includes the study of organs and tissues removed at post mortem for medicolegal work and for
determining the underlying sequence and cause of death
Autopsy
“Autopsia”- to see with one’s own eyes
It is usually performed by a specialized medical doctor called pathologist
Purposes
1. To establish the cause of death
2. To interpret and correlate facts surrounding death
3. To identify the decedent (deceased)
4. To establish the time of death
5. To reconstruct the events surrounding the infliction of injury
6. To collect evidence in cases of questionable death
