Writing For Secondary Stage.
How to write a paragraph
اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺒﺮاﺟﺮاف.
ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺒﺮاﺟﺮاف ﻣﻦ أﺻﻌﺐ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮاﺟﮫ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ وﻟﺬا ﻛﺎن
اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺒﺮاﺟﺮاف ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﯿﺲ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺮ اﻟﯿﺴﯿﺮ .وﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺧﺼﺼﺖ ھﺬا
اﻟﺠﺰء ﻟﯿﻜﻮن وﺳﯿﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺪرﯾﺐ اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺒﺮاﺟﺮاف ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﻜﺘﺴﺐ اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ
اﻟﺨﺒﺮة اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ھﺬا اﻟﺴﺆال وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﻣﮭﺎرة اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ .وھﺬا اﻷﻣﺮ ﻻ ﯾﺘﺤﻘﻖ إﻻ
ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺐ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﺒﺮاﺟﺮاف
أوﻻ -:اﻹﻟﻤﺎم ﺑﻘﺪر ﻣﻌﻘﻮل ﻣﻦ اﻟﺜﺮوة اﻟﻠﻐﻮﯾﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﺜﻨﻲ ﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮات اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ.
ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎ -:ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺒﺮاﺟﺮاف ھﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪة ﺟﻤﻞ ﻣﺘﺮاﺑﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻲ وﻟﺬا ﻛﺎن ﻟﺰاﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﯿﻚ ان
ﺗﻌﺮف اﻟﺒﻨﺎء اﻟﺴﻠﯿﻢ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺨﺒﺮﯾﺔ.
ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ -:ﯾﺠﺐ ﻣﺮاﻋﺎة اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺒﺮاﺟﺮاف وھﻲ :
-1ان ﺗﺘﺮك ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﻌﺎدل ﺧﻤﺴﺔ أﺣﺮف ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻄﺮ اﻷول ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع.
-2ان ﺗﺒﺪأ ﻛﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺤﺮف Capitalﻛﺒﯿﺮ وواﺿﺢ.
-3ان ﺗﻀﻊ ) (.واﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ ﻛﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ .
-4اﺑﺪأ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع ﺑـ topic sentenceأي ﺟﻤﻠﺔ رﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻠﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻓﻜﺮة
اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع.
-5أن ﺗﺮاﻋﻲ اﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻂ واﻟﺘﻨﺴﯿﻖ اﻟﻌﺎم ﺑﯿﻦ أﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع .
-6ان ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺢ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻨﻮﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺬي ﺗﻜﺘﺒﮫ ﻓﻘﺪ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع
وﻗﺪ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ أو اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ أو ﺧﻠﯿﻂ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﻢ.
-7ﺗﺠﻨﺐ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪة واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻔﺮدات وﺗﺮﻛﯿﺒﺎت ﺻﻌﺒﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﻗﻌﻚ ﻓﻲ
أﺧﻄﺎء أﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻏﻨﻲ ﻋﻨﮭﺎ وﻋﻠﯿﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻄﺔ واﻟﺴﮭﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻲ.
-8ﺧﺼﺺ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ أو ﺻﻔﺤﺘﯿﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺿﻮع ﻓﻲ ورﻗﺔ اﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎن وﯾﻔﻀﻞ داﺋﻤﺎ أن ﺗﺘﺮك ﺳﻄﺮ
ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع.
-9اﺟﺘﮭﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﺧﻄﻚ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﺮك ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ وأﺧﺮي ﻓﮭﺬا ﯾﻌﻄﻲ اﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎ ﻃﯿﺒﺎ
ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺤﺢ وﯾﺴﮭﻞ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻓﮭﻢ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﯾﺪ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻨﮫ .
وﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺒﺮاﺟﺮاف اﻟﻰ
-3اﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ -2اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع )(subject matter - 1اﻟﺒﺪاﯾﺔ )اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ(
(1ﻃﺮق ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع :
ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻚ أن ﺗﺒﺪأ ﺑــﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻓﺘﺘﺎﺣﯿﺔ :
-ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع ﯾﻔﮭﻢ اﻟﻘﺎرئ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺪور ﺣﻮﻟﮫ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع.
(2أﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻣﺮاﻋﺎة اﻻﺗﻲ :
-1ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺠﻤﻞ واﺿﺤﺔ وﻣﺘﻮازﻧﺔ .
-2ﺗﺠﻨﺐ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﻄﻮﯾﻠﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم .وأن ﺗﺨﺘﺎر اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة وﺗﺠﻨﺐ
اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻐﺮﯾﺒﺔ اﻟﻐﯿﺮ ﻣﻔﮭﻮﻣﺔ.
-3اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺢ ﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﺮﻗﯿﻢ ). (punctuation
-4ﺗﺠﻨﺐ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻀﻤﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻠﻢ إﻻ إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع ﯾﺨﺺ ﺷﺨﺺ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺿﻮع .
-3اﻟﺨﺎﺗﻤﺔ : The end
ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﻟﺨﺎﺗﻤﺔ ﻣﻠﺨﺼﺎ ) (summaryﻟﻶراء اﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺒﺮت ﻋﻨﮭﺎ أو اﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ
وﺻﻠﺖ إﻟﯿﮭﺎ واﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ ھﺬه ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻧﺼﯿﺤﺔ أو ﺗﺤﺬﯾﺮ أو إﻋﻄﺎء رأي أو ﻏﯿﺮه.
1
,Writing For Secondary Stage.
ﺟﻤﻞ اﻓﺘﺘﺎﺣﯿﺔ ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت اﯾﺠﺎﺑﯿﮫ
: ﻧﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺮاغ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮات ﻛﻠﻤﺔ او ﻋﺒﺎرة ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع: ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ
1) In my opinion, ……. is really important and necessary nowadays.
It may have good and positive effects on all of us. I think so because
……… may bring all the good to our society.
ھﻮ ﺣﻘﺎ ﻣﮭﻢ وﺿﺮوري ھﺬه اﻻﯾﺎم وﻗﺪ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﮫ اﻻﺛﺮ اﻟﻄﯿﺐ واﻻﯾﺠﺎﺑﻲ................. ﻓﻲ رأﯾﻲ
ﻗﺪ ﯾﻌﻮد ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﻊ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﻨﺎ.................ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ ﺟﻤﯿﻌﺎ واﻧﻨﻲ اﻋﺘﻘﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﻻن
2) No wonder if we say that ……. has (have) its good and positive
effects on us.
ﻟﮫ أﺛﺎر ﻃﯿﺒﺔ واﯾﺠﺎﺑﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ ﺟﻤﯿﻌﺎ................. ﻻ ﻋﺠﺐ إذا ﻗﻠﻨﺎ أن
3) We should put into consideration that ……………… has (have)
become one of the most important things in everyone's life.
. ﻗﺪ أﺻﺒﺢ واﺣﺪا ﻣﻦ أھﻢ اﻻﺷﯿﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﺎة ﻛﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ............... ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﻧﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر ان
4) We all agree that …………….... is one of the most important
things in our life and has it is vital role nowadays .
. واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ أھﻢ اﻷﺷﯿﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﺎﺗﻨﺎ وﻟﮫ دورا ﺣﯿﻮﯾﺎ ھﺬه اﻻﯾﺎم............... ﻧﺘﻔﻖ ﺟﻤﯿﻌﺎ أن
5) We all agree that …. is very necessary and plays an important part
in our life.
ﺿﺮوري ﺟﺪا وﯾﻠﻌﺐ دورا ھﺎﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﺎﺗﻨﺎ.......................... ﻛﻠﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﻔﻖ أن
6) We all admit the importance and necessity of …………. in our life.
ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﺎﺗﻨﺎ.......................... ﻛﻠﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﺮ ﺑﺄھﻤﯿﺔ وﺿﺮورة
(ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎت ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﺳﻠﺒﯿﮫ) ﺿﺎرة أو ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ
1) There is no doubt that ………….... is one of the most dangerous
phenomena in our life and has its bad and negative effects nowadays.
ھﻲ واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ أﺧﻄﺮ اﻟﻈﻮاھﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﺎﺗﻨﺎ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﮫ آﺛﺎره اﻟﺴﯿﺌﺔ................. ﻣﻤﺎ ﻻﺷﻚ ﻓﯿﮫ أن
.واﻟﺴﻠﺒﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ وﻗﺘﻨﺎ ھﺬا
2) I see that ............. stands for an obstacle in the way of our progress
so our state spares no effort to put an end to it.
. ﯾﻤﺜﻞ ﻋﻘﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻨﺎ وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻓﺪوﻟﺘﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺪﺧﺮ ﺟﮭﺪا ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻀﻊ ﺣﺪا ﻟﮫ....... إﻧﻨﻲ أري ان
3) Frankly Speaking, ……………... is one of the worst things in our
life. Thus, our state spares no effort to fight it.
وﻋﻠﻲ ھﺬا ﻓﺎن دوﻟﺘﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺪﺧﺮ ﺟﮭﺪا ﻟﻜﻲ. واﺣﺪا ﻣﻦ أﺳﻮأ اﻷﺷﯿﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﺎﺗﻨﺎ.... ﺑﺼﺮاﺣﺔ اﻟﻘﻮل
.ﺗﻜﺎﻓﺢ وﺗﻘﺎوم ھﺬا اﻟﺸﺊ
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,Writing For Secondary Stage.
4) In my point of view, …………..... is really serious and harmful
nowadays. It may have bad and negative effects on all of us. I think
so because ............ may bring all the evil to our society.
ھﻮ ﻓﻌﻼ ﺧﻄﯿﺮ وﺿﺎر ھﺬه اﻻﯾﺎم وﻗﺪ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﮫ اﺛﺎر ﺳﯿﺌﺔ وﺳﻠﺒﯿﺔ............... ﻣﻦ وﺟﮭﺔ ﻧﻈﺮي
. ﻗﺪ ﯾﺠﻠﺐ اﻟﺸﺮور إﻟﻲ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﻨﺎ................. وإﻧﻨﻲ اﻋﺘﻘﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﻻن. ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ ﺟﻤﯿﻌﺎ
ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪك اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻵﺗﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻨ ﺪ اﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام أي ﻣ ﻦ
: ﯾﺠﺐ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺢ،ھﺬه اﻟﺠﻤﻞ
1-All citizens should participate in solving this problem.
ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﺸﺎرك ﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﻮاﻃﻨﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﮫ
2-We should develop public awareness of ….. ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﻧﻨﻤﻲ اﻟﻮﻋﻲ اﻟﻌﺎم ﺑـ
3- …………….. will help us to achieve self sufficiency .
.………ﺳﻮف ﯾﺴﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﻻﻛﺘﻔﺎء اﻟﺬاﺗﻲ..
4-……………is the only way to solve this problem.
ھﻮ اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻖ اﻟﻮﺣﯿﺪ ﻟﺤﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ..
5-We should make the best use of……………………
..........ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﻧﺤﻘﻖ أﻗﺼﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ
6-We have to stand firmly against …………. ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﻧﻘﻒ ﺑﺤﺰم ﺿﺪ
7-Solving this problem will help us to achieve prosperity and wel-
fare.
إن ﺣﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺳﻮف ﯾﺴﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﻟﺮﺧﺎء و اﻟﺮﻓﺎھﯿﺔ
8-The government does its best to encourage …………………..
................. ﺗﺒﺬل اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻮﺳﻌﮭﺎ ﻟﺘﺸﺠﯿﻊ
9-We can’t ignore the great value of --- ﻻ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ أن ﻧﺘﺠﺎھﻞ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﻈﯿﻤﺔ ﻟـ
10-In my opinion, ------------------ has a great effect on our society
11-We should do our best in order to ------------ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﻧﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻮﺳﻌﻨﺎ ﻟﻜﻲ
12-The progress of any nation depends on ----- إن ﺗﻘﺪم أي أﻣﺔ ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ
13- ………….plays a great role in ------------- ﺗﻠﻌﺐ دورا ﻛﺒﯿﺮا ﻓﻲ
14-No one can deny that ……...... ﻻ أﺣﺪ ﯾﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ أن ﯾﻨﻜﺮ أن
15-We should exert more efforts to solve this problem.
ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﻧﺒﺬل اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﮭﻮد ﻟﺤﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ
16-All members of the society should cooperate to get rid of ……….
....................ﻛﻞ أﻓﺮاد اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﺘﻌﺎوﻧﻮا ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ
17- …….. …… is a serious obstacle in the way of our progress.
ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻋﻘﺒﺔ ﺧﻄﯿﺮة ﻓﻲ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻨﺎ
18-With the help of ……… . . .., we can lead a better life.
ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ أن ﻧﺤﯿﺎ ﺣﯿﺎة أﻓﻀﻞ............. ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة
19-……. is very useful as it helps us to…. ﻣﻔﯿﺪ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ ﺣﯿﺚ أﻧﮫ ﯾﺴﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ....
20-We all agree that …..is one of the most important things in our
life
ھﻮ أھﻢ ﺷﻲء ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﺎﺗﻨﺎ.................. ﻧﺘﻔﻖ ﺟﻤﯿﻌﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ أن
3
, Writing For Secondary Stage.
21-To solve this problem, we should all …………………
ﻟﺤﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﯾﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ ﺟﻤﯿﻌﺎ أن
22-………is considered a very serious problem. ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺧﻄﯿﺮة......
23-One disadvantage of ------- is that it (they) ------ ..ھﻲ أﻧﮭﺎ.. أﺣﺪ ﻋﯿﻮب
24-One advantage of ------- is that it (they) ------------ ..ھﻲ أﻧﮭﺎ.. أﺣﺪ ﻣﺰاﯾﺎ
25-The government is trying to solve this problem by ....................
.............ﺗﺤﺎول اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺣﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ
ھﻨﺎك ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ واﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت واﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻓﻜﺮة ﺟﺪﯾﺪة
:وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع ﻣﺜﻞ
On the other hand ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﺔ On one hand ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﺔ
أﺧﺮي
Moreover = further ﻋﻼوة ﻋﻠﻲ In addition to ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻲ ذﻟﻚ
more ذﻟﻚ that
Thus وﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻲ ذﻟﻚ Above all وﻓﻮق ﻛﻞ ذﻟﻚ
At the same time ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ And as a result وﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ
More than that اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ Over and above ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺎ إﻟﻲ ذﻟﻚ
consequently وﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ Hence وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ
: ﺛﻢ ﻧﻨﮭﻲ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع ﺑﺎﺣﺪي ھﺬه اﻟﻌﺒﺎرات
Last but not least, ……………………….. ًأﺧﯿﺮاً وﻟﯿﺲ آﺧﺮا
In brief, I think that ……….… is really ………………
To sum up , one can say that ……… is really …………
A fair conclusion of what has been said is that…… ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻗﯿﻞ أن
Finally , it is quite clear that … ( )اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮعIs really ( )ﺻﻔﺔ
Advantages and disadvantages of……….. " " ﻣﺰاﯾﺎ وﻋﯿﻮب
It is known that ….is a mixed blessing because it has some
advantages and some disadvantages . First for all,I would like to start
with its advantages. One of them, it is very useful when we use it in a
good way like….… It will have another advantage if it is used
in……………… On the other hand, it will have some disadvantages if it is
used in a wrong way for example, some people use it in a wrong way
such as …...and……. This will surely have a bad effect on us .Therefore,
It is advisable to do our best to avoid its disadvantages and we should
benefit from its advantages to lead a peaceful, happy and safe life free
from problems.
4
How to write a paragraph
اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺒﺮاﺟﺮاف.
ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺒﺮاﺟﺮاف ﻣﻦ أﺻﻌﺐ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮاﺟﮫ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ وﻟﺬا ﻛﺎن
اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺒﺮاﺟﺮاف ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﯿﺲ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺮ اﻟﯿﺴﯿﺮ .وﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺧﺼﺼﺖ ھﺬا
اﻟﺠﺰء ﻟﯿﻜﻮن وﺳﯿﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺪرﯾﺐ اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺒﺮاﺟﺮاف ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﻜﺘﺴﺐ اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ
اﻟﺨﺒﺮة اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ھﺬا اﻟﺴﺆال وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﻣﮭﺎرة اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ .وھﺬا اﻷﻣﺮ ﻻ ﯾﺘﺤﻘﻖ إﻻ
ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺐ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﺒﺮاﺟﺮاف
أوﻻ -:اﻹﻟﻤﺎم ﺑﻘﺪر ﻣﻌﻘﻮل ﻣﻦ اﻟﺜﺮوة اﻟﻠﻐﻮﯾﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﺜﻨﻲ ﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮات اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ.
ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎ -:ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺒﺮاﺟﺮاف ھﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪة ﺟﻤﻞ ﻣﺘﺮاﺑﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻲ وﻟﺬا ﻛﺎن ﻟﺰاﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﯿﻚ ان
ﺗﻌﺮف اﻟﺒﻨﺎء اﻟﺴﻠﯿﻢ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺨﺒﺮﯾﺔ.
ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ -:ﯾﺠﺐ ﻣﺮاﻋﺎة اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺒﺮاﺟﺮاف وھﻲ :
-1ان ﺗﺘﺮك ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﻌﺎدل ﺧﻤﺴﺔ أﺣﺮف ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻄﺮ اﻷول ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع.
-2ان ﺗﺒﺪأ ﻛﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺤﺮف Capitalﻛﺒﯿﺮ وواﺿﺢ.
-3ان ﺗﻀﻊ ) (.واﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ ﻛﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ .
-4اﺑﺪأ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع ﺑـ topic sentenceأي ﺟﻤﻠﺔ رﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻠﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻓﻜﺮة
اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع.
-5أن ﺗﺮاﻋﻲ اﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻂ واﻟﺘﻨﺴﯿﻖ اﻟﻌﺎم ﺑﯿﻦ أﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع .
-6ان ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺢ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻨﻮﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺬي ﺗﻜﺘﺒﮫ ﻓﻘﺪ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع
وﻗﺪ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ أو اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ أو ﺧﻠﯿﻂ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﻢ.
-7ﺗﺠﻨﺐ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪة واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻔﺮدات وﺗﺮﻛﯿﺒﺎت ﺻﻌﺒﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﻗﻌﻚ ﻓﻲ
أﺧﻄﺎء أﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻏﻨﻲ ﻋﻨﮭﺎ وﻋﻠﯿﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻄﺔ واﻟﺴﮭﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻲ.
-8ﺧﺼﺺ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ أو ﺻﻔﺤﺘﯿﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺿﻮع ﻓﻲ ورﻗﺔ اﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎن وﯾﻔﻀﻞ داﺋﻤﺎ أن ﺗﺘﺮك ﺳﻄﺮ
ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع.
-9اﺟﺘﮭﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﺧﻄﻚ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﺮك ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ وأﺧﺮي ﻓﮭﺬا ﯾﻌﻄﻲ اﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎ ﻃﯿﺒﺎ
ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺤﺢ وﯾﺴﮭﻞ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻓﮭﻢ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﯾﺪ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻨﮫ .
وﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺒﺮاﺟﺮاف اﻟﻰ
-3اﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ -2اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع )(subject matter - 1اﻟﺒﺪاﯾﺔ )اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ(
(1ﻃﺮق ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع :
ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻚ أن ﺗﺒﺪأ ﺑــﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻓﺘﺘﺎﺣﯿﺔ :
-ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع ﯾﻔﮭﻢ اﻟﻘﺎرئ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺪور ﺣﻮﻟﮫ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع.
(2أﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻣﺮاﻋﺎة اﻻﺗﻲ :
-1ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺠﻤﻞ واﺿﺤﺔ وﻣﺘﻮازﻧﺔ .
-2ﺗﺠﻨﺐ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﻄﻮﯾﻠﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم .وأن ﺗﺨﺘﺎر اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة وﺗﺠﻨﺐ
اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻐﺮﯾﺒﺔ اﻟﻐﯿﺮ ﻣﻔﮭﻮﻣﺔ.
-3اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺢ ﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﺮﻗﯿﻢ ). (punctuation
-4ﺗﺠﻨﺐ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻀﻤﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻠﻢ إﻻ إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع ﯾﺨﺺ ﺷﺨﺺ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺿﻮع .
-3اﻟﺨﺎﺗﻤﺔ : The end
ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﻟﺨﺎﺗﻤﺔ ﻣﻠﺨﺼﺎ ) (summaryﻟﻶراء اﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺒﺮت ﻋﻨﮭﺎ أو اﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ
وﺻﻠﺖ إﻟﯿﮭﺎ واﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ ھﺬه ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻧﺼﯿﺤﺔ أو ﺗﺤﺬﯾﺮ أو إﻋﻄﺎء رأي أو ﻏﯿﺮه.
1
,Writing For Secondary Stage.
ﺟﻤﻞ اﻓﺘﺘﺎﺣﯿﺔ ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت اﯾﺠﺎﺑﯿﮫ
: ﻧﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺮاغ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮات ﻛﻠﻤﺔ او ﻋﺒﺎرة ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع: ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ
1) In my opinion, ……. is really important and necessary nowadays.
It may have good and positive effects on all of us. I think so because
……… may bring all the good to our society.
ھﻮ ﺣﻘﺎ ﻣﮭﻢ وﺿﺮوري ھﺬه اﻻﯾﺎم وﻗﺪ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﮫ اﻻﺛﺮ اﻟﻄﯿﺐ واﻻﯾﺠﺎﺑﻲ................. ﻓﻲ رأﯾﻲ
ﻗﺪ ﯾﻌﻮد ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﻊ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﻨﺎ.................ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ ﺟﻤﯿﻌﺎ واﻧﻨﻲ اﻋﺘﻘﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﻻن
2) No wonder if we say that ……. has (have) its good and positive
effects on us.
ﻟﮫ أﺛﺎر ﻃﯿﺒﺔ واﯾﺠﺎﺑﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ ﺟﻤﯿﻌﺎ................. ﻻ ﻋﺠﺐ إذا ﻗﻠﻨﺎ أن
3) We should put into consideration that ……………… has (have)
become one of the most important things in everyone's life.
. ﻗﺪ أﺻﺒﺢ واﺣﺪا ﻣﻦ أھﻢ اﻻﺷﯿﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﺎة ﻛﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ............... ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﻧﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر ان
4) We all agree that …………….... is one of the most important
things in our life and has it is vital role nowadays .
. واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ أھﻢ اﻷﺷﯿﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﺎﺗﻨﺎ وﻟﮫ دورا ﺣﯿﻮﯾﺎ ھﺬه اﻻﯾﺎم............... ﻧﺘﻔﻖ ﺟﻤﯿﻌﺎ أن
5) We all agree that …. is very necessary and plays an important part
in our life.
ﺿﺮوري ﺟﺪا وﯾﻠﻌﺐ دورا ھﺎﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﺎﺗﻨﺎ.......................... ﻛﻠﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﻔﻖ أن
6) We all admit the importance and necessity of …………. in our life.
ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﺎﺗﻨﺎ.......................... ﻛﻠﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﺮ ﺑﺄھﻤﯿﺔ وﺿﺮورة
(ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎت ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﺳﻠﺒﯿﮫ) ﺿﺎرة أو ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ
1) There is no doubt that ………….... is one of the most dangerous
phenomena in our life and has its bad and negative effects nowadays.
ھﻲ واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ أﺧﻄﺮ اﻟﻈﻮاھﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﺎﺗﻨﺎ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﮫ آﺛﺎره اﻟﺴﯿﺌﺔ................. ﻣﻤﺎ ﻻﺷﻚ ﻓﯿﮫ أن
.واﻟﺴﻠﺒﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ وﻗﺘﻨﺎ ھﺬا
2) I see that ............. stands for an obstacle in the way of our progress
so our state spares no effort to put an end to it.
. ﯾﻤﺜﻞ ﻋﻘﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻨﺎ وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻓﺪوﻟﺘﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺪﺧﺮ ﺟﮭﺪا ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻀﻊ ﺣﺪا ﻟﮫ....... إﻧﻨﻲ أري ان
3) Frankly Speaking, ……………... is one of the worst things in our
life. Thus, our state spares no effort to fight it.
وﻋﻠﻲ ھﺬا ﻓﺎن دوﻟﺘﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺪﺧﺮ ﺟﮭﺪا ﻟﻜﻲ. واﺣﺪا ﻣﻦ أﺳﻮأ اﻷﺷﯿﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﺎﺗﻨﺎ.... ﺑﺼﺮاﺣﺔ اﻟﻘﻮل
.ﺗﻜﺎﻓﺢ وﺗﻘﺎوم ھﺬا اﻟﺸﺊ
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,Writing For Secondary Stage.
4) In my point of view, …………..... is really serious and harmful
nowadays. It may have bad and negative effects on all of us. I think
so because ............ may bring all the evil to our society.
ھﻮ ﻓﻌﻼ ﺧﻄﯿﺮ وﺿﺎر ھﺬه اﻻﯾﺎم وﻗﺪ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﮫ اﺛﺎر ﺳﯿﺌﺔ وﺳﻠﺒﯿﺔ............... ﻣﻦ وﺟﮭﺔ ﻧﻈﺮي
. ﻗﺪ ﯾﺠﻠﺐ اﻟﺸﺮور إﻟﻲ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﻨﺎ................. وإﻧﻨﻲ اﻋﺘﻘﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﻻن. ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ ﺟﻤﯿﻌﺎ
ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪك اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻵﺗﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻨ ﺪ اﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام أي ﻣ ﻦ
: ﯾﺠﺐ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺢ،ھﺬه اﻟﺠﻤﻞ
1-All citizens should participate in solving this problem.
ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﺸﺎرك ﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﻮاﻃﻨﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﮫ
2-We should develop public awareness of ….. ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﻧﻨﻤﻲ اﻟﻮﻋﻲ اﻟﻌﺎم ﺑـ
3- …………….. will help us to achieve self sufficiency .
.………ﺳﻮف ﯾﺴﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﻻﻛﺘﻔﺎء اﻟﺬاﺗﻲ..
4-……………is the only way to solve this problem.
ھﻮ اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻖ اﻟﻮﺣﯿﺪ ﻟﺤﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ..
5-We should make the best use of……………………
..........ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﻧﺤﻘﻖ أﻗﺼﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ
6-We have to stand firmly against …………. ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﻧﻘﻒ ﺑﺤﺰم ﺿﺪ
7-Solving this problem will help us to achieve prosperity and wel-
fare.
إن ﺣﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺳﻮف ﯾﺴﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﻟﺮﺧﺎء و اﻟﺮﻓﺎھﯿﺔ
8-The government does its best to encourage …………………..
................. ﺗﺒﺬل اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻮﺳﻌﮭﺎ ﻟﺘﺸﺠﯿﻊ
9-We can’t ignore the great value of --- ﻻ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ أن ﻧﺘﺠﺎھﻞ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﻈﯿﻤﺔ ﻟـ
10-In my opinion, ------------------ has a great effect on our society
11-We should do our best in order to ------------ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﻧﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻮﺳﻌﻨﺎ ﻟﻜﻲ
12-The progress of any nation depends on ----- إن ﺗﻘﺪم أي أﻣﺔ ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ
13- ………….plays a great role in ------------- ﺗﻠﻌﺐ دورا ﻛﺒﯿﺮا ﻓﻲ
14-No one can deny that ……...... ﻻ أﺣﺪ ﯾﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ أن ﯾﻨﻜﺮ أن
15-We should exert more efforts to solve this problem.
ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﻧﺒﺬل اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﮭﻮد ﻟﺤﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ
16-All members of the society should cooperate to get rid of ……….
....................ﻛﻞ أﻓﺮاد اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﺘﻌﺎوﻧﻮا ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ
17- …….. …… is a serious obstacle in the way of our progress.
ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻋﻘﺒﺔ ﺧﻄﯿﺮة ﻓﻲ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻨﺎ
18-With the help of ……… . . .., we can lead a better life.
ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ أن ﻧﺤﯿﺎ ﺣﯿﺎة أﻓﻀﻞ............. ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة
19-……. is very useful as it helps us to…. ﻣﻔﯿﺪ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ ﺣﯿﺚ أﻧﮫ ﯾﺴﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ....
20-We all agree that …..is one of the most important things in our
life
ھﻮ أھﻢ ﺷﻲء ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﺎﺗﻨﺎ.................. ﻧﺘﻔﻖ ﺟﻤﯿﻌﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ أن
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, Writing For Secondary Stage.
21-To solve this problem, we should all …………………
ﻟﺤﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﯾﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ ﺟﻤﯿﻌﺎ أن
22-………is considered a very serious problem. ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺧﻄﯿﺮة......
23-One disadvantage of ------- is that it (they) ------ ..ھﻲ أﻧﮭﺎ.. أﺣﺪ ﻋﯿﻮب
24-One advantage of ------- is that it (they) ------------ ..ھﻲ أﻧﮭﺎ.. أﺣﺪ ﻣﺰاﯾﺎ
25-The government is trying to solve this problem by ....................
.............ﺗﺤﺎول اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺣﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ
ھﻨﺎك ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ واﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت واﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻓﻜﺮة ﺟﺪﯾﺪة
:وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع ﻣﺜﻞ
On the other hand ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﺔ On one hand ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﺔ
أﺧﺮي
Moreover = further ﻋﻼوة ﻋﻠﻲ In addition to ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻲ ذﻟﻚ
more ذﻟﻚ that
Thus وﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻲ ذﻟﻚ Above all وﻓﻮق ﻛﻞ ذﻟﻚ
At the same time ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ And as a result وﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ
More than that اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ Over and above ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺎ إﻟﻲ ذﻟﻚ
consequently وﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ Hence وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ
: ﺛﻢ ﻧﻨﮭﻲ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع ﺑﺎﺣﺪي ھﺬه اﻟﻌﺒﺎرات
Last but not least, ……………………….. ًأﺧﯿﺮاً وﻟﯿﺲ آﺧﺮا
In brief, I think that ……….… is really ………………
To sum up , one can say that ……… is really …………
A fair conclusion of what has been said is that…… ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻗﯿﻞ أن
Finally , it is quite clear that … ( )اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮعIs really ( )ﺻﻔﺔ
Advantages and disadvantages of……….. " " ﻣﺰاﯾﺎ وﻋﯿﻮب
It is known that ….is a mixed blessing because it has some
advantages and some disadvantages . First for all,I would like to start
with its advantages. One of them, it is very useful when we use it in a
good way like….… It will have another advantage if it is used
in……………… On the other hand, it will have some disadvantages if it is
used in a wrong way for example, some people use it in a wrong way
such as …...and……. This will surely have a bad effect on us .Therefore,
It is advisable to do our best to avoid its disadvantages and we should
benefit from its advantages to lead a peaceful, happy and safe life free
from problems.
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