BIOLOGY 1B-Bio 1B Final Study Guide

BIOLOGY 1B-Bio 1B Final Study Guide Biology 1B Spring 2018 Final Study Guide Evolution Lectures #1-#12 ** evolution is the single concept that unites all of biological inquiry L1 - Mice -- different colors -- different selection based on habitat L2/3/4/5 History of Evolutionary Biology: Aristotle → Darwin → Today Evolution - the concept that the organisms living on Earth today are the modified descendants of common ancestors Synapomorphy - shared, derived character, which evolved a single time, and was passed on to all of the descendant species Coevolution - the influence of closely associated species on each other in their evolution - Galapagos hawks and lice parasites Horizontal gene transfer - acquiring genetic material from another method than parent → offspring, (common in prokaryotes w/ plasmids) - Core Genome vs. pan genome (move around bt species) - virus/aphids - Elysia chlorotica consumes algae when it is born principle of parsimony - scientific principle that things are usually connected or behave in the simplest way Inter-glacial cycles - sea levels vary and may connect islands - Dispersal (movement of individuals from one geographic region to another ) and vicariance (splitting of populations due to a geological event) play important roles in biota present - Caused by milankovitch cycles - cyclical changes in temperature of the earth caused by orbits of other planets (jupiter and saturn), can be used to predict the future - Eccentricity of the orbit - oval vs. circle - Tilt of axis - seasons - Precession - the slow movement of the axis of a spinning body around another axis due to a torque (such as gravitational influence) acting to change the direction of the first axis Smith, Spring 2018 - Ice age = + feedback bc white reflects light back to sun Domains 1) Bacteria - single-celled, no membrane bound organelles/nucleus, found everywhere 2) Archaea - prokaryotic, live in extreme environments, extremophiles 3) Eukarya - multicellular, membrane bound organelles w/ nucleus Development of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts (ex of coevolution) - mitochondrion is derived from a free-living alpha proteobacterium, which entered into ancient symbiosis w/ an archaea (overtime)→ obligate symbiosis - A eukaryotic cell (w/mitochondria already) symbiosis w/ cyanobacteria → chloroplast Rafflesia plant (corpse flower) - No chloroplasts, parasitic (have host plant) - Deceptive pollination -- smells rotten flesh -- flies come “eat” Charles Darwin ~descent with modification 1. Organisms fit their abiotic and biotic environments incredibly well. 2. Organisms show remarkable similarities, suggesting a unity to life. 3. Life on Earth is richly diverse in unimaginable ways. Evolutionary Thought Through Times - Anaximander - theories of evolutionary life, ppl from fish/first lived in water - Xenophanes and Herodotus - found evidence of Anaximander ideas - Aristotle (student of plato) -- founder of modern scientific inquiry - Wrong about the immutability of species - Believed in Essentialism - that each natural object has an ideal form created by a Creator and represented in the natural world in the various species, DO NOT EVOLVE - Became popular/accepted idea bc of society at the time (middle ages, hierarchy, christianity) - Scala Naturae (the scale of nature or the Great Chain of Being) - Teleological way of thinking - each species has a purpose and created specifically to fulfill that purpose - Renaissance, Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment proceeded in Europe - Intellectual development led to rejection of religious dogma - Carolus Linnaeus - binomial nomenclature - Deviated from scala naturae w/ a nested hierarchy, so that an Order, the highest level, might contain several families Smith, Spring 2018 - George Cuvier - french, naturalist, founder of paleontology, EXTINCTION - James Hutton - scottish, farmer/geologist, father of geology, challenged the dogma in Britain (and Europe more broadly) that the Earth was 4004 years old (according to the King James Bible!, date by rocks and shit, GRADUALISM (vs punctuated equilibrium) - Charles Lyell - english/geologists, book to darwin, introduces concept of fossils - Strata/principle of superposition - Robert Malthus - the abundance of food in human societies was linked to variation in population size, LIMITING RESOURCES/COMPETITION - Central to Darwin’s development of theory of evolution - Jean - Baptiste Lamarck - robust theory of evolutionary change - Mechanism was wrong aka -- the principle of use and disuse - Giraffe neck stretching - principle of acquired inheritance - babies get “new” trait from parents - Epigenetics -- change in genetic makeup, not acted on by natural selection