ATI TEAS Complete Study Guide(All Section)
SCIENCE(ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY)
Anatomy: is what you see with your eyes in the human body.
Microscopic Anatomy: examines cells and molecules.
➢ Cytology: study of cells.
➢ Histology: study of tissues.
Physiology: is the study of functions of anatomical structures.
*Smallest living is a CELL.
*Smallest organisms is a ATOM.
Levels of Hierarchy
Atom- the most basic complete unit of an element.
Molecule- a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a
chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.
Organelles- are cells parts that function within a cell.
Cells- the basic structural unit of an organism from which living things created. Is one individual
cell.
Tissues- a group of cells with similar structure that functions together as a unit, but at a lower
level than organs.
Organ- a self contained part of an organism that performs specific functions. Is formed by two
or more similar tissues.
Organ System- functional groups of organs that work together within the body: circulatory,
integumentary, skeletal, reproductive, digestive, urinary, respiratory, endocrine, lymphatic,
muscular and nervous.
➢ Humans have 11 Organ Systems.
Cells Structure
• Nucleus- holds the cells DNA in form of chromatin
• Ribosomes- small structures that build proteins “amino acids”.
• Golgi Apparatus- modifies and packages proteins secreted from cell.
• Vacuoles- storage, digestion and waste removal.
• Cytoskeletal- series of rod shaped proteins that provide shape/support cell.
• Microtubules- part of the cytoskeletal.
• Cytosol- liquid material in cell.
• Cell membrane- separate internal and external cellular environment allows material to
enter and exit cell.
, • Endoplasmic Reticulum- smooth or rough transport system of the cell.
• Mitochondria- generates ATP powerhouse of the cell. ATP production is called
cellular respiration
Animal Cells
Centrosome- pairs of centrioles involved in mitosis.
Centriole- cylinders involved in cellular division.
Lysosomes- the purpose of the lysosome is to digest things. They might be used to digest food or
break down the cell when it dies.
Cilia- cause cell to move.
Flagella- whip tail to move cell.
TISSUES:
⟶ Group of CELLS.
⟶ Muscle, Nerve, Epithelial, Connective.
1. Epithelial: (joined together tightly) Example. Skin
2. Connective: (dense, loose, or fatty) Example. Tissue, Cartilage, Tendons, Ligaments,
Fat, Blood, Lymph.
➢ It protects and binds body parts.
a. Cartilage: cushions and provides structural support
⟶ Fibrous
b. Blood: transport oxygen to cells and removes waste. Also carries hormones
and defends against disease.
c. Bone: (hard) produces red blood cells
3. Muscle: supports and move body
➢ Smooth
➢ Cardiac
➢ Skeletal
4. Nervous: Example. Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
➢ Neurons: control responses to changes in environment.
Mitosis - it has 4 phases. Pink MAT / Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Interphase - Cell prepares for division by replicating genetic/cytoplasmic material.
Prophase - Chromatin thickens into chromosomes and the nuclear membrane begins to
disintegrate. Pairs of centrioles move to opposite sides of cell and spindle fibers form.
Metaphase - Spindle moves to center of cell and chromosome pairs align along center of spindle
structure.
,Anaphase - Chromosome pairs pull apart into daughter chromosomes.
Telophase - Spindle disintegrates, nuclear membrane reforms or is pinched.
Cytokinesis - Physical splitting of cell.
Meiosis- same as mitosis except happens twice, results in four daughter cells instead of two.
Mature haploid male and female germ cell uniting in sexual reproduction.
➢ Gametes in female = Egg
➢ Gametes in Male = Sperm
➢ Meiosis is when gametes produce a zygote.
Zygote: controls cell differentiation. It forms during fertilization. The cells from each parent that
combine to form a zygote are called gametes. Zygote is the first stage of reproduction.
1. Respiratory System
• main functions are the critical tasks of transporting oxygen from the atmosphere into the
body’s cell and moving carbon dioxide in the other direction.
Nasal Cavity - air passage that warms, moistens, and filters air, and also contains olfactory
receptors. Medially divided by the nasal septum.
External Nares - the visible ‘nostrils’ that are the entrances into the nasal cavity
The Larynx - air passage that connects the pharynx to the trachea, composed of individual
cartilages, mostly hyaline. Commonly called the voice box for its additional function of voice
production.
Epiglottis - the only elastic cartilage, blocks entrance to the larynx during swallowing, ensuring
food only enters the esophagus.
Lungs - Paired organs that are highly compartmentalized into small air sacs called alveoli. Also
contain elastic tissue to facilitate ventilation.
Alveoli – the individual lung compartments where gas exchange with blood occurs.
• Type 2 cells - cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant, which reduces the surface
tension of water to prevent alveolar collapse.
Bronchi – the main passageways directly attached to the lungs.
Bronchioles- small passages in the lungs that connect bronchi to alveoli
Right Lung - divided into upper, middle, and lower lobes by the horizontal fissure and oblique
fissure respectively.
, Left Lung - divided into upper and lower lobes by the oblique fissure, also has the cardiac notch
– an indentation for the heart’s apex.
The Pleurae - a double layer of serous membrane producing serous fluid to reduce friction
during lung ventilation/movement.
• Visceral pleura - the serous membrane layer that clings to the lung surface.
• Parietal pleura - the serous membrane that is separated from the lungs, clings to the
internal surface of the thoracic body wall.
• Pleural cavity - the space between the parietal and visceral layers filled with
serous fluid, which reduces friction and causes pleural membranes to stick together.
Perfusion- The passage of fluid to an organ or a tissue.
Pulmonary Ventilation - the movement of air into and out of the lungs based on the interactions
of pressures in and around the body.
• Inspiration - the movement of air into the lungs.
• Expiration - the movement of air out of the lungs.
Tidal volume - The volume of air ventilated during resting breathing.
Inspiratory reserve volume - additional air that can be forcefully inhaled beyond
tidal. Expiratory reserve volume - additional air that can be forcefully exhaled
beyond tidal. Residual volume - volume of air always in lungs, prevents lung collapse.
Medulla Oblongata- the breathing control centers of the medulla oblongata of the brainstem
control respiration through monitoring carbon dioxide levels of blood pH.
Asthma- A lung disease characterized by inflamed narrowed airways and difficulty breathing.
Cystic Fibrosis – A genetic disorder affects the lungs and other organs characterized by
difficulty breathing coughing up sputum and lung infections.
SCIENCE(ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY)
Anatomy: is what you see with your eyes in the human body.
Microscopic Anatomy: examines cells and molecules.
➢ Cytology: study of cells.
➢ Histology: study of tissues.
Physiology: is the study of functions of anatomical structures.
*Smallest living is a CELL.
*Smallest organisms is a ATOM.
Levels of Hierarchy
Atom- the most basic complete unit of an element.
Molecule- a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a
chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.
Organelles- are cells parts that function within a cell.
Cells- the basic structural unit of an organism from which living things created. Is one individual
cell.
Tissues- a group of cells with similar structure that functions together as a unit, but at a lower
level than organs.
Organ- a self contained part of an organism that performs specific functions. Is formed by two
or more similar tissues.
Organ System- functional groups of organs that work together within the body: circulatory,
integumentary, skeletal, reproductive, digestive, urinary, respiratory, endocrine, lymphatic,
muscular and nervous.
➢ Humans have 11 Organ Systems.
Cells Structure
• Nucleus- holds the cells DNA in form of chromatin
• Ribosomes- small structures that build proteins “amino acids”.
• Golgi Apparatus- modifies and packages proteins secreted from cell.
• Vacuoles- storage, digestion and waste removal.
• Cytoskeletal- series of rod shaped proteins that provide shape/support cell.
• Microtubules- part of the cytoskeletal.
• Cytosol- liquid material in cell.
• Cell membrane- separate internal and external cellular environment allows material to
enter and exit cell.
, • Endoplasmic Reticulum- smooth or rough transport system of the cell.
• Mitochondria- generates ATP powerhouse of the cell. ATP production is called
cellular respiration
Animal Cells
Centrosome- pairs of centrioles involved in mitosis.
Centriole- cylinders involved in cellular division.
Lysosomes- the purpose of the lysosome is to digest things. They might be used to digest food or
break down the cell when it dies.
Cilia- cause cell to move.
Flagella- whip tail to move cell.
TISSUES:
⟶ Group of CELLS.
⟶ Muscle, Nerve, Epithelial, Connective.
1. Epithelial: (joined together tightly) Example. Skin
2. Connective: (dense, loose, or fatty) Example. Tissue, Cartilage, Tendons, Ligaments,
Fat, Blood, Lymph.
➢ It protects and binds body parts.
a. Cartilage: cushions and provides structural support
⟶ Fibrous
b. Blood: transport oxygen to cells and removes waste. Also carries hormones
and defends against disease.
c. Bone: (hard) produces red blood cells
3. Muscle: supports and move body
➢ Smooth
➢ Cardiac
➢ Skeletal
4. Nervous: Example. Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
➢ Neurons: control responses to changes in environment.
Mitosis - it has 4 phases. Pink MAT / Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Interphase - Cell prepares for division by replicating genetic/cytoplasmic material.
Prophase - Chromatin thickens into chromosomes and the nuclear membrane begins to
disintegrate. Pairs of centrioles move to opposite sides of cell and spindle fibers form.
Metaphase - Spindle moves to center of cell and chromosome pairs align along center of spindle
structure.
,Anaphase - Chromosome pairs pull apart into daughter chromosomes.
Telophase - Spindle disintegrates, nuclear membrane reforms or is pinched.
Cytokinesis - Physical splitting of cell.
Meiosis- same as mitosis except happens twice, results in four daughter cells instead of two.
Mature haploid male and female germ cell uniting in sexual reproduction.
➢ Gametes in female = Egg
➢ Gametes in Male = Sperm
➢ Meiosis is when gametes produce a zygote.
Zygote: controls cell differentiation. It forms during fertilization. The cells from each parent that
combine to form a zygote are called gametes. Zygote is the first stage of reproduction.
1. Respiratory System
• main functions are the critical tasks of transporting oxygen from the atmosphere into the
body’s cell and moving carbon dioxide in the other direction.
Nasal Cavity - air passage that warms, moistens, and filters air, and also contains olfactory
receptors. Medially divided by the nasal septum.
External Nares - the visible ‘nostrils’ that are the entrances into the nasal cavity
The Larynx - air passage that connects the pharynx to the trachea, composed of individual
cartilages, mostly hyaline. Commonly called the voice box for its additional function of voice
production.
Epiglottis - the only elastic cartilage, blocks entrance to the larynx during swallowing, ensuring
food only enters the esophagus.
Lungs - Paired organs that are highly compartmentalized into small air sacs called alveoli. Also
contain elastic tissue to facilitate ventilation.
Alveoli – the individual lung compartments where gas exchange with blood occurs.
• Type 2 cells - cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant, which reduces the surface
tension of water to prevent alveolar collapse.
Bronchi – the main passageways directly attached to the lungs.
Bronchioles- small passages in the lungs that connect bronchi to alveoli
Right Lung - divided into upper, middle, and lower lobes by the horizontal fissure and oblique
fissure respectively.
, Left Lung - divided into upper and lower lobes by the oblique fissure, also has the cardiac notch
– an indentation for the heart’s apex.
The Pleurae - a double layer of serous membrane producing serous fluid to reduce friction
during lung ventilation/movement.
• Visceral pleura - the serous membrane layer that clings to the lung surface.
• Parietal pleura - the serous membrane that is separated from the lungs, clings to the
internal surface of the thoracic body wall.
• Pleural cavity - the space between the parietal and visceral layers filled with
serous fluid, which reduces friction and causes pleural membranes to stick together.
Perfusion- The passage of fluid to an organ or a tissue.
Pulmonary Ventilation - the movement of air into and out of the lungs based on the interactions
of pressures in and around the body.
• Inspiration - the movement of air into the lungs.
• Expiration - the movement of air out of the lungs.
Tidal volume - The volume of air ventilated during resting breathing.
Inspiratory reserve volume - additional air that can be forcefully inhaled beyond
tidal. Expiratory reserve volume - additional air that can be forcefully exhaled
beyond tidal. Residual volume - volume of air always in lungs, prevents lung collapse.
Medulla Oblongata- the breathing control centers of the medulla oblongata of the brainstem
control respiration through monitoring carbon dioxide levels of blood pH.
Asthma- A lung disease characterized by inflamed narrowed airways and difficulty breathing.
Cystic Fibrosis – A genetic disorder affects the lungs and other organs characterized by
difficulty breathing coughing up sputum and lung infections.
