Space and Environment in the European Union LECTURES + Literature
summary European Union Politics McCormick (2020, 3rd edition)
Inhoudsopgave
Lecture 1: 7/9/21 ............................................................................................................................................. 6
How the EU matters ........................................................................................................................................... 6
So, what is the EU really? ................................................................................................................................... 6
Chapter 1. Understanding Integration .............................................................................................................. 9
Key points ........................................................................................................................................................... 9
Discussion questions ........................................................................................................................................... 9
Key terms ............................................................................................................................................................ 9
Grand theory ................................................................................................................................................. 9
Integrative potential ...................................................................................................................................... 9
International organization ............................................................................................................................. 9
International relations & realism................................................................................................................. 10
Liberal intergovernmentalism ..................................................................................................................... 10
Nation .......................................................................................................................................................... 10
Nationalism.................................................................................................................................................. 10
Neofunctionalism & spillover ...................................................................................................................... 11
Regional integration association ................................................................................................................. 11
The state ...................................................................................................................................................... 11
Concepts ...................................................................................................................................................... 12
Intergovernmentalism, Regional integration & Supranationalism .............................................................. 12
Westphalian system .................................................................................................................................... 12
Chapter 2: What is the European Union? ....................................................................................................... 13
Key Points: ........................................................................................................................................................ 13
Discussion questions ......................................................................................................................................... 13
Key terms .......................................................................................................................................................... 14
Comparative politics & method ................................................................................................................... 14
Regime ......................................................................................................................................................... 14
Federation ................................................................................................................................................... 14
Unitary administration ................................................................................................................................ 14
Government & Governance......................................................................................................................... 14
Polity ............................................................................................................................................................ 15
Quasi-federation .......................................................................................................................................... 15
Confederation .............................................................................................................................................. 15
Concepts ........................................................................................................................................................... 15
Political system ............................................................................................................................................ 15
Institution .................................................................................................................................................... 16
Multilevel governance ................................................................................................................................. 16
Lecture 2: 8/9/21 ........................................................................................................................................... 17
Is the EU a state (according to Rousseau)? ...................................................................................................... 17
Lecture 9/9/21 : a brief history of European integration ................................................................................ 18
1945-1951: the runup to the ECSC.................................................................................................................... 18
1952-1957: from Paris to Rome ....................................................................................................................... 19
1
, The workings of the EEC ................................................................................................................................... 19
Stagnation in the 1960-early 1980s ................................................................................................................. 19
1986: Single European Act................................................................................................................................ 19
1989: Fall of Berlin Wall. = the end of the Cold War ........................................................................................ 20
Maastricht Treaty (1993). ................................................................................................................................ 20
Amsterdam Treaty (1999) ................................................................................................................................ 20
Constitutional Treaty & Lisbon Treaty .............................................................................................................. 21
Lisbon Treaty (2009) ......................................................................................................................................... 21
2009-2021: the era of the big crises ................................................................................................................. 21
Chapter 4: First steps (1944-58) ...................................................................................................................... 22
Key points ......................................................................................................................................................... 22
Discussion questions ......................................................................................................................................... 22
Key terms .......................................................................................................................................................... 23
Marshall Plan ............................................................................................................................................... 23
Organization for European Economic Co-operation.................................................................................... 23
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ............................................................................................................. 23
European Movement ................................................................................................................................... 23
Council of Europe (1946-50) ........................................................................................................................ 23
European Coal and Steel Community (1950-52) ......................................................................................... 23
European Defense Community (EDC) .......................................................................................................... 23
Western European Union ............................................................................................................................ 24
European Political Community .................................................................................................................... 24
Suez crisis..................................................................................................................................................... 24
European Atomic Energy Community: ........................................................................................................ 24
Concepts ........................................................................................................................................................... 25
Bretton Woods system ................................................................................................................................ 25
Cold War ...................................................................................................................................................... 25
Single market ............................................................................................................................................... 25
Chapter 5: Building the Community (1958-95)................................................................................................ 26
Key points ......................................................................................................................................................... 26
Key Terms ......................................................................................................................................................... 26
Empty chair crisis ......................................................................................................................................... 26
Luxembourg compromise ............................................................................................................................ 26
European Free Trade Association ................................................................................................................ 26
European Monetary System ........................................................................................................................ 27
Single European Act (SEA) ........................................................................................................................... 27
Schengen Agreement .................................................................................................................................. 27
Concepts ........................................................................................................................................................... 27
Enlargement ................................................................................................................................................ 27
Economic and monetary union ................................................................................................................... 27
Euro sclerosis ............................................................................................................................................... 28
Chapter 6: From community to union (1989-2005) ......................................................................................... 29
Key points ......................................................................................................................................................... 29
Discussion questions ......................................................................................................................................... 29
Key Terms ......................................................................................................................................................... 29
Intergovernmental conference.................................................................................................................... 29
Treaty on European Union .......................................................................................................................... 30
European Economic Area ............................................................................................................................ 30
2
, Treaty of Amsterdam & enhanced cooperation .......................................................................................... 30
Treaty of Nice .............................................................................................................................................. 30
Lisbon Strategy ............................................................................................................................................ 31
Convergence criteria.................................................................................................................................... 31
Concepts ........................................................................................................................................................... 31
European Political Cooperation EPC ............................................................................................................ 31
Acquis Communautaire ............................................................................................................................... 31
Permissive consensus .................................................................................................................................. 31
Enhanced cooperation................................................................................................................................. 31
Chapter 7: Crisis and opportunity (2004-present) ........................................................................................... 33
Key points ......................................................................................................................................................... 33
Discussion questions ......................................................................................................................................... 33
Key Terms ......................................................................................................................................................... 33
European Convention .................................................................................................................................. 33
Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe ............................................................................................. 33
Treaty of Lisbon ........................................................................................................................................... 34
Austerity ...................................................................................................................................................... 34
Brexit ........................................................................................................................................................... 34
Post functionalism ....................................................................................................................................... 34
Concepts ........................................................................................................................................................... 35
Global financial crisis ................................................................................................................................... 35
Elitism .......................................................................................................................................................... 36
Populism ...................................................................................................................................................... 36
Lecture 14/9/21: The Council of Ministers and the European Council ............................................................ 37
The Council ....................................................................................................................................................... 37
1) General secretariat of the council, and presidency of the Council .................................................... 38
2) How does the council reach decisions/ craft consensus? .................................................................. 38
3) Power and legitimacy ......................................................................................................................... 38
Chapter 11: The council of Ministers .............................................................................................................. 41
Key Points ......................................................................................................................................................... 42
Key Terms ......................................................................................................................................................... 42
Bicameral legislature ................................................................................................................................... 42
Coreper ........................................................................................................................................................ 42
Presidency of the Council of Ministers ........................................................................................................ 43
Trio system .................................................................................................................................................. 43
Concepts ........................................................................................................................................................... 43
Legislative function ...................................................................................................................................... 43
Qualified majority vote ................................................................................................................................ 44
Chapter 13: The European Council ................................................................................................................. 45
Key Points ......................................................................................................................................................... 46
Key Terms ......................................................................................................................................................... 46
Game of theory ............................................................................................................................................ 46
Head of government .................................................................................................................................... 46
Head of state ............................................................................................................................................... 46
President of the European Council .............................................................................................................. 47
Concepts ........................................................................................................................................................... 47
Consensus .................................................................................................................................................... 47
Summitry ..................................................................................................................................................... 47
Q&A session 15/9/21 ..................................................................................................................................... 48
3
, Intergovernmental vs supranational ................................................................................................................ 48
Most important differences between Council, Parliament and Commission ................................................... 50
Rapporteurs ...................................................................................................................................................... 51
Strengths and weaknesses of EP ...................................................................................................................... 52
What is a trilogue EU? ...................................................................................................................................... 53
Chapter 12: The European Parliament ............................................................................................................ 54
Key Points ......................................................................................................................................................... 54
Key Terms ......................................................................................................................................................... 55
President of the EP ...................................................................................................................................... 55
Conference of Presidents ............................................................................................................................ 55
Member of the European Parliament ......................................................................................................... 55
Consultation procedure ............................................................................................................................... 55
Cooperation procedure ............................................................................................................................... 55
Ordinary legislative procedure .................................................................................................................... 55
Consent procedure ...................................................................................................................................... 56
European ombudsman ................................................................................................................................ 56
Concepts ........................................................................................................................................................... 56
Check and balances ..................................................................................................................................... 56
Legislature ................................................................................................................................................... 56
Lecture 21/9/21: The European Commission .................................................................................................. 57
The roles of the EC in the EU system ................................................................................................................ 57
Policy preparation ....................................................................................................................................... 57
Adopting ...................................................................................................................................................... 58
Monitoring if implementation ..................................................................................................................... 58
The EU Commission: Political or technical? ...................................................................................................... 58
Coordination: does the external environment matter? .............................................................................. 59
Appointment of EU Commissioners ............................................................................................................ 59
In-sourcing expertise ................................................................................................................................... 59
Chapter 10: The European Commission .......................................................................................................... 60
Key points ......................................................................................................................................................... 61
Key Terms ......................................................................................................................................................... 61
New institutionalism.................................................................................................................................... 61
Institution .................................................................................................................................................... 61
President of the Commission....................................................................................................................... 61
College of Commissioners ........................................................................................................................... 62
Cabinet......................................................................................................................................................... 62
Directorate-general DG ............................................................................................................................... 62
Concepts ........................................................................................................................................................... 62
Executive...................................................................................................................................................... 62
Comitology................................................................................................................................................... 62
Chapter 8: The Treaties .................................................................................................................................. 63
Key points ......................................................................................................................................................... 63
Key Terms ......................................................................................................................................................... 63
Treaty ........................................................................................................................................................... 63
Three pillars ................................................................................................................................................. 63
Accession agreement................................................................................................................................... 63
Opt-out ........................................................................................................................................................ 64
Charter of Fundamental Rights ................................................................................................................... 64
European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) ......................................................................................... 64
4
summary European Union Politics McCormick (2020, 3rd edition)
Inhoudsopgave
Lecture 1: 7/9/21 ............................................................................................................................................. 6
How the EU matters ........................................................................................................................................... 6
So, what is the EU really? ................................................................................................................................... 6
Chapter 1. Understanding Integration .............................................................................................................. 9
Key points ........................................................................................................................................................... 9
Discussion questions ........................................................................................................................................... 9
Key terms ............................................................................................................................................................ 9
Grand theory ................................................................................................................................................. 9
Integrative potential ...................................................................................................................................... 9
International organization ............................................................................................................................. 9
International relations & realism................................................................................................................. 10
Liberal intergovernmentalism ..................................................................................................................... 10
Nation .......................................................................................................................................................... 10
Nationalism.................................................................................................................................................. 10
Neofunctionalism & spillover ...................................................................................................................... 11
Regional integration association ................................................................................................................. 11
The state ...................................................................................................................................................... 11
Concepts ...................................................................................................................................................... 12
Intergovernmentalism, Regional integration & Supranationalism .............................................................. 12
Westphalian system .................................................................................................................................... 12
Chapter 2: What is the European Union? ....................................................................................................... 13
Key Points: ........................................................................................................................................................ 13
Discussion questions ......................................................................................................................................... 13
Key terms .......................................................................................................................................................... 14
Comparative politics & method ................................................................................................................... 14
Regime ......................................................................................................................................................... 14
Federation ................................................................................................................................................... 14
Unitary administration ................................................................................................................................ 14
Government & Governance......................................................................................................................... 14
Polity ............................................................................................................................................................ 15
Quasi-federation .......................................................................................................................................... 15
Confederation .............................................................................................................................................. 15
Concepts ........................................................................................................................................................... 15
Political system ............................................................................................................................................ 15
Institution .................................................................................................................................................... 16
Multilevel governance ................................................................................................................................. 16
Lecture 2: 8/9/21 ........................................................................................................................................... 17
Is the EU a state (according to Rousseau)? ...................................................................................................... 17
Lecture 9/9/21 : a brief history of European integration ................................................................................ 18
1945-1951: the runup to the ECSC.................................................................................................................... 18
1952-1957: from Paris to Rome ....................................................................................................................... 19
1
, The workings of the EEC ................................................................................................................................... 19
Stagnation in the 1960-early 1980s ................................................................................................................. 19
1986: Single European Act................................................................................................................................ 19
1989: Fall of Berlin Wall. = the end of the Cold War ........................................................................................ 20
Maastricht Treaty (1993). ................................................................................................................................ 20
Amsterdam Treaty (1999) ................................................................................................................................ 20
Constitutional Treaty & Lisbon Treaty .............................................................................................................. 21
Lisbon Treaty (2009) ......................................................................................................................................... 21
2009-2021: the era of the big crises ................................................................................................................. 21
Chapter 4: First steps (1944-58) ...................................................................................................................... 22
Key points ......................................................................................................................................................... 22
Discussion questions ......................................................................................................................................... 22
Key terms .......................................................................................................................................................... 23
Marshall Plan ............................................................................................................................................... 23
Organization for European Economic Co-operation.................................................................................... 23
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ............................................................................................................. 23
European Movement ................................................................................................................................... 23
Council of Europe (1946-50) ........................................................................................................................ 23
European Coal and Steel Community (1950-52) ......................................................................................... 23
European Defense Community (EDC) .......................................................................................................... 23
Western European Union ............................................................................................................................ 24
European Political Community .................................................................................................................... 24
Suez crisis..................................................................................................................................................... 24
European Atomic Energy Community: ........................................................................................................ 24
Concepts ........................................................................................................................................................... 25
Bretton Woods system ................................................................................................................................ 25
Cold War ...................................................................................................................................................... 25
Single market ............................................................................................................................................... 25
Chapter 5: Building the Community (1958-95)................................................................................................ 26
Key points ......................................................................................................................................................... 26
Key Terms ......................................................................................................................................................... 26
Empty chair crisis ......................................................................................................................................... 26
Luxembourg compromise ............................................................................................................................ 26
European Free Trade Association ................................................................................................................ 26
European Monetary System ........................................................................................................................ 27
Single European Act (SEA) ........................................................................................................................... 27
Schengen Agreement .................................................................................................................................. 27
Concepts ........................................................................................................................................................... 27
Enlargement ................................................................................................................................................ 27
Economic and monetary union ................................................................................................................... 27
Euro sclerosis ............................................................................................................................................... 28
Chapter 6: From community to union (1989-2005) ......................................................................................... 29
Key points ......................................................................................................................................................... 29
Discussion questions ......................................................................................................................................... 29
Key Terms ......................................................................................................................................................... 29
Intergovernmental conference.................................................................................................................... 29
Treaty on European Union .......................................................................................................................... 30
European Economic Area ............................................................................................................................ 30
2
, Treaty of Amsterdam & enhanced cooperation .......................................................................................... 30
Treaty of Nice .............................................................................................................................................. 30
Lisbon Strategy ............................................................................................................................................ 31
Convergence criteria.................................................................................................................................... 31
Concepts ........................................................................................................................................................... 31
European Political Cooperation EPC ............................................................................................................ 31
Acquis Communautaire ............................................................................................................................... 31
Permissive consensus .................................................................................................................................. 31
Enhanced cooperation................................................................................................................................. 31
Chapter 7: Crisis and opportunity (2004-present) ........................................................................................... 33
Key points ......................................................................................................................................................... 33
Discussion questions ......................................................................................................................................... 33
Key Terms ......................................................................................................................................................... 33
European Convention .................................................................................................................................. 33
Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe ............................................................................................. 33
Treaty of Lisbon ........................................................................................................................................... 34
Austerity ...................................................................................................................................................... 34
Brexit ........................................................................................................................................................... 34
Post functionalism ....................................................................................................................................... 34
Concepts ........................................................................................................................................................... 35
Global financial crisis ................................................................................................................................... 35
Elitism .......................................................................................................................................................... 36
Populism ...................................................................................................................................................... 36
Lecture 14/9/21: The Council of Ministers and the European Council ............................................................ 37
The Council ....................................................................................................................................................... 37
1) General secretariat of the council, and presidency of the Council .................................................... 38
2) How does the council reach decisions/ craft consensus? .................................................................. 38
3) Power and legitimacy ......................................................................................................................... 38
Chapter 11: The council of Ministers .............................................................................................................. 41
Key Points ......................................................................................................................................................... 42
Key Terms ......................................................................................................................................................... 42
Bicameral legislature ................................................................................................................................... 42
Coreper ........................................................................................................................................................ 42
Presidency of the Council of Ministers ........................................................................................................ 43
Trio system .................................................................................................................................................. 43
Concepts ........................................................................................................................................................... 43
Legislative function ...................................................................................................................................... 43
Qualified majority vote ................................................................................................................................ 44
Chapter 13: The European Council ................................................................................................................. 45
Key Points ......................................................................................................................................................... 46
Key Terms ......................................................................................................................................................... 46
Game of theory ............................................................................................................................................ 46
Head of government .................................................................................................................................... 46
Head of state ............................................................................................................................................... 46
President of the European Council .............................................................................................................. 47
Concepts ........................................................................................................................................................... 47
Consensus .................................................................................................................................................... 47
Summitry ..................................................................................................................................................... 47
Q&A session 15/9/21 ..................................................................................................................................... 48
3
, Intergovernmental vs supranational ................................................................................................................ 48
Most important differences between Council, Parliament and Commission ................................................... 50
Rapporteurs ...................................................................................................................................................... 51
Strengths and weaknesses of EP ...................................................................................................................... 52
What is a trilogue EU? ...................................................................................................................................... 53
Chapter 12: The European Parliament ............................................................................................................ 54
Key Points ......................................................................................................................................................... 54
Key Terms ......................................................................................................................................................... 55
President of the EP ...................................................................................................................................... 55
Conference of Presidents ............................................................................................................................ 55
Member of the European Parliament ......................................................................................................... 55
Consultation procedure ............................................................................................................................... 55
Cooperation procedure ............................................................................................................................... 55
Ordinary legislative procedure .................................................................................................................... 55
Consent procedure ...................................................................................................................................... 56
European ombudsman ................................................................................................................................ 56
Concepts ........................................................................................................................................................... 56
Check and balances ..................................................................................................................................... 56
Legislature ................................................................................................................................................... 56
Lecture 21/9/21: The European Commission .................................................................................................. 57
The roles of the EC in the EU system ................................................................................................................ 57
Policy preparation ....................................................................................................................................... 57
Adopting ...................................................................................................................................................... 58
Monitoring if implementation ..................................................................................................................... 58
The EU Commission: Political or technical? ...................................................................................................... 58
Coordination: does the external environment matter? .............................................................................. 59
Appointment of EU Commissioners ............................................................................................................ 59
In-sourcing expertise ................................................................................................................................... 59
Chapter 10: The European Commission .......................................................................................................... 60
Key points ......................................................................................................................................................... 61
Key Terms ......................................................................................................................................................... 61
New institutionalism.................................................................................................................................... 61
Institution .................................................................................................................................................... 61
President of the Commission....................................................................................................................... 61
College of Commissioners ........................................................................................................................... 62
Cabinet......................................................................................................................................................... 62
Directorate-general DG ............................................................................................................................... 62
Concepts ........................................................................................................................................................... 62
Executive...................................................................................................................................................... 62
Comitology................................................................................................................................................... 62
Chapter 8: The Treaties .................................................................................................................................. 63
Key points ......................................................................................................................................................... 63
Key Terms ......................................................................................................................................................... 63
Treaty ........................................................................................................................................................... 63
Three pillars ................................................................................................................................................. 63
Accession agreement................................................................................................................................... 63
Opt-out ........................................................................................................................................................ 64
Charter of Fundamental Rights ................................................................................................................... 64
European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) ......................................................................................... 64
4
