Note 1
Name of Teacher / Designation SIDDHARTH
Subject Code / Subject : EEDM3002/EEDM2002
Course / Branch: Polytechnic/Electrical,Civil,CSE Engineering
Topics : (Environment Education and Disaster Management)
https://basicbiology.net/environment/ecology
https://sciencing.com/human-activities-affect-ecosystem-9189.html
https://www.space.com/17683-earth-atmosphere.html
https://water.usgs.gov/edu/gwdepletion.html
Unit 1 Ecology and Environment
i)Basics of ecology, Ecosystem, Human activities and its effect on ecology and eco system,
different development i.e. irrigration, urbanization, road development and other engineering
activities and their effects on ecology and eco system.
ii) Mining and deforestation and their effects. Resources- renewable and non- renewable,
Components of Atmosphere, Biodiversity, Lowering of water level.
iii)Biodegradation and Bio degradability, composting, bioremediation, Microbes .Use of bio
pesticides and bio fungicides. Global warning concerns, Ozone layer depletion, Green house
effect, Acid rain, etc.
ECOLOGY:Definition
Ecology is the study of interactions between living things and the environment. An ecosystem is
the combination of living things, such as plants, animals and microscopic organisms, plus
environmental factors such as temperature, rain and sun light and ecology studies all of these
,aspects of an ecosystem. As a science, ecology is a broad field and includes a number of
different sciences such as biology, physics, chemistry and geology.
Organisms and the environment both effect each other. For example, a plant is affected by rain
and sun light but environment beneath the plant is influenced by the plant because it reduces the
amount of light, drops leaves, reduces the temperature and so on. Additionally, living things
influence each other through competition, predation and other relationships. Environmental
factors are often referred to as abiotic factors and relationships between living things are often
called biotic factors.
What is an Ecosystem?
An ecosystem consists of the biological community that occurs in some locale, and the physical
and chemical factors that make up its non-living or abiotic environment. There are many
examples of ecosystems -- a pond, a forest, an estuary, a grassland. The boundaries are not fixed
in any objective way, although sometimes they seem obvious, as with the shoreline of a small
pond. Usually the boundaries of an ecosystem are chosen for practical reasons having to do with
the goals of the particular study.
The study of ecosystems mainly consists of the study of certain processes that link the living, or
biotic, components to the non-living, or abiotic, components. The two main processes that
ecosystem scientists study are Energy transformations and biogeochemical cycling. As we
learned earlier, ecology generally is defined as the interactions of organisms with one another
and with the environment in which they occur. We can study ecology at the level of the
individual, the population, the community, and the ecosystem.
Studies of individuals are concerned mostly about physiology, reproduction, development or
behavior, and studies of populations usually focus on the habitat and resource needs of particular
species, their group behaviors, population growth, and what limits their abundance or causes
extinction. Studies of communities examine how populations of many species interact with one
another, such as predators and their prey, or competitors that share common needs or resources.
, In ecosystem ecology we put all of this together and, insofar as we can, we try to understand how
the system operates as a whole. This means that, rather than worrying mainly about particular
species, we try to focus on major functional aspects of the system. These functional
aspects include such things as the amount of energy that is produced by photosynthesis, how
energy or materials flow along the many steps in a food chain, or what controls the rate of
decomposition of materials or the rate at which nutrients (required for the production of new
organic matter) are recycled in the system.
Components of an Ecosystem You are already familiar with the parts of an ecosystem. From this
course and from general knowledge, you also have a basic understanding of the diversity of
plants and animals, and how plants and animals and microbes obtain water, nutrients, and food.
We can clarify the parts of an ecosystem by listing them under the headings "abiotic" and
"biotic".
ABIOTIC COMPONENTS BIOTIC COMPONENTS
Sunlight Primary producers
Temperature Herbivores
Precipitation Carnivores
Water or moisture Omnivores
Soil or water chemistry (e.g., P, NO3, NH4) Detritivores
etc. etc.
All of these vary over space/time
By and large, this set of components and environmental factors is important almost everywhere,
in all ecosystems.
Usually, biological communities include the "functional groupings" shown above. A functional
group is a biological category composed of organisms that perform mostly the same kind of
function in the system; for example, all the photosynthetic plants or primary producers form a
functional group. Membership in the functional group does not depend very much on who the
Name of Teacher / Designation SIDDHARTH
Subject Code / Subject : EEDM3002/EEDM2002
Course / Branch: Polytechnic/Electrical,Civil,CSE Engineering
Topics : (Environment Education and Disaster Management)
https://basicbiology.net/environment/ecology
https://sciencing.com/human-activities-affect-ecosystem-9189.html
https://www.space.com/17683-earth-atmosphere.html
https://water.usgs.gov/edu/gwdepletion.html
Unit 1 Ecology and Environment
i)Basics of ecology, Ecosystem, Human activities and its effect on ecology and eco system,
different development i.e. irrigration, urbanization, road development and other engineering
activities and their effects on ecology and eco system.
ii) Mining and deforestation and their effects. Resources- renewable and non- renewable,
Components of Atmosphere, Biodiversity, Lowering of water level.
iii)Biodegradation and Bio degradability, composting, bioremediation, Microbes .Use of bio
pesticides and bio fungicides. Global warning concerns, Ozone layer depletion, Green house
effect, Acid rain, etc.
ECOLOGY:Definition
Ecology is the study of interactions between living things and the environment. An ecosystem is
the combination of living things, such as plants, animals and microscopic organisms, plus
environmental factors such as temperature, rain and sun light and ecology studies all of these
,aspects of an ecosystem. As a science, ecology is a broad field and includes a number of
different sciences such as biology, physics, chemistry and geology.
Organisms and the environment both effect each other. For example, a plant is affected by rain
and sun light but environment beneath the plant is influenced by the plant because it reduces the
amount of light, drops leaves, reduces the temperature and so on. Additionally, living things
influence each other through competition, predation and other relationships. Environmental
factors are often referred to as abiotic factors and relationships between living things are often
called biotic factors.
What is an Ecosystem?
An ecosystem consists of the biological community that occurs in some locale, and the physical
and chemical factors that make up its non-living or abiotic environment. There are many
examples of ecosystems -- a pond, a forest, an estuary, a grassland. The boundaries are not fixed
in any objective way, although sometimes they seem obvious, as with the shoreline of a small
pond. Usually the boundaries of an ecosystem are chosen for practical reasons having to do with
the goals of the particular study.
The study of ecosystems mainly consists of the study of certain processes that link the living, or
biotic, components to the non-living, or abiotic, components. The two main processes that
ecosystem scientists study are Energy transformations and biogeochemical cycling. As we
learned earlier, ecology generally is defined as the interactions of organisms with one another
and with the environment in which they occur. We can study ecology at the level of the
individual, the population, the community, and the ecosystem.
Studies of individuals are concerned mostly about physiology, reproduction, development or
behavior, and studies of populations usually focus on the habitat and resource needs of particular
species, their group behaviors, population growth, and what limits their abundance or causes
extinction. Studies of communities examine how populations of many species interact with one
another, such as predators and their prey, or competitors that share common needs or resources.
, In ecosystem ecology we put all of this together and, insofar as we can, we try to understand how
the system operates as a whole. This means that, rather than worrying mainly about particular
species, we try to focus on major functional aspects of the system. These functional
aspects include such things as the amount of energy that is produced by photosynthesis, how
energy or materials flow along the many steps in a food chain, or what controls the rate of
decomposition of materials or the rate at which nutrients (required for the production of new
organic matter) are recycled in the system.
Components of an Ecosystem You are already familiar with the parts of an ecosystem. From this
course and from general knowledge, you also have a basic understanding of the diversity of
plants and animals, and how plants and animals and microbes obtain water, nutrients, and food.
We can clarify the parts of an ecosystem by listing them under the headings "abiotic" and
"biotic".
ABIOTIC COMPONENTS BIOTIC COMPONENTS
Sunlight Primary producers
Temperature Herbivores
Precipitation Carnivores
Water or moisture Omnivores
Soil or water chemistry (e.g., P, NO3, NH4) Detritivores
etc. etc.
All of these vary over space/time
By and large, this set of components and environmental factors is important almost everywhere,
in all ecosystems.
Usually, biological communities include the "functional groupings" shown above. A functional
group is a biological category composed of organisms that perform mostly the same kind of
function in the system; for example, all the photosynthetic plants or primary producers form a
functional group. Membership in the functional group does not depend very much on who the
