ENG1502 Summary For 2021 Exams.

ENG1502 Summary For Exams. ENG1502 - Foundations In English Language Studies. LANGUAGE SYSTEM Phonetics– Study of speech sounds. Phonology– System of speech sounds pattern in system in a language. Lexis– Study of actual words writer or speaker choosestouse. Morphology– How words are formed. Syntax– The way in which words are arranged to form sentences or phrases,or the rules of grammar which control this? Orthography– The way in which words are spelt.Writing systems. Semantics– The study of the meaning of words and phrases. Pragmatics– The study of how words and phrases are used with special meanings. Discourse– The language used in particular types of speech or writing. . Unit2: Definition of Language View language a sasytemofrelatingformstofunctions.A tool that human suseinorder to exchange meaningful messages with others by means of text,which a restructured according to the rules and conventions of the particular language Phonology refers to the process of combining sounds in towords.It looks at how sounds are organized and used in language. Spelling and sound: Homophone Each of two or more word shaving the same pronunciation but different meanings, origins,orspelling( andknew,hourandour,bear(animal)andbare(naked)andbear(tolerate)). Homonyms Eachoftwoormorewordshavingthesamespellingorpronunciationbutdifferentmeaningsandorigins(e.g. pole1andpole2). Heteronyms Eachoftwoormorewordswhicharespelledidenticallybuthavedifferentsoundsandmeanings,suchastear meaning‘rip’andtearmeaning‘liquidfromtheeye’ Eachoftwoormorewordswhichareusedtorefertotheidenticalthingindifferentgeographicalareasofa speechcommunity,suchasnappyanddiaper. Homographs Eachoftwoormorewordsspelledthesamebutnotnecessarilypronouncedthesameandhavingdifferent meaningsandorigins(1andbow2). Synonyms Differentwords=similarmeaning.Questionableandarguableanddebatable, Pronunciation Pronunciationreferstothemannerinwhichwordsarespoken.ThesoundsintheEnglishlanguageare representedbyletters,wecalltheselettersphonemes. Articulation Articulatoryphoneticsreferstoproductionofsoundsbythemovementofairinthevocaltract.YesterdayI askedyoutonametheareasinthevocaltractresponsibleforsoundproductions. Mannersofarticulationwithregardtoconsonants Theareasthatisresponsibleforconsonantsounds.Consonantsoundsareproducedwhenrestrictionorclosure occursinthevocaltract.Theflowcanbelimited.Theyareclassifiedaccordingtothepositionofairflow. Movementofthelipsandtonguemaketheserestrictions,theoralcavityisthusreshapedtomakethevarious sounds. o Bilabials–p,b,m–whenwemakethesesounds,webringthelipstogether. o Labiodentals–f,v–useourlips,wetouchtheupperteethandlowerlip. o Interdentals–th(ᶞᶱ)sound–tipoftongueisplacedbetweentheteeth. o Alveolars–t,d,n,s,z,l,r–thesesounds:tongueisraisedinanumberofways.Articulateswith forwardpartofalveolarridge. o Postalveolar/Palato–ʃ,ʒ,tʃ,dʒ-Tipoftonguearticulateswithbackofalveolar.(fish,garage, rich,ridge) o Palatal–(j)–constrictionhappenswhenfrontpartoftonguetoucheshardpalate. o Velar–k,g,ᶯ-thebackofthetonguetouchessoftpalate o Glottal–h–Vocalfoldsbroughttogether. Voicedandvoicelesssound Voicelesssounds Whenthevocalchordsareapart–allowsairtoflowfreelythroughglottis.Soundslikepands. Voicedsounds Whenvocalchordsaretogether–airmakesitswaythrough.Vibrationistheresult.Thebandzsound areexamples. AllvowelsinEnglisharevoiced. Someoftheconsonantsoundsarevoicedandsomearevoiceless.Someoftheconsonantsounds producedinEnglishareverysimilar.Manytimesthedifferencebetweenthemisbecauseoneisvoiced andtheotherisvoiceless.Twoexamplesare'z',whichisvoicedand's',whichisvoiceless.Seethechart belowforalistingofthevoicedandvoicelessconsonants. Voicedconsonants Voicelessconsonant Sounds Sounds b p d t g k v f z s th th sz sh j ch l h m n ng Syllables,stressandinnotation Asyllableisaphonologicalunitthatismadeupofoneormanyphonemesaroundacentralvowel.Thenumber ofsyllablesawordhasisusuallythesameasthenumberofvowels.Syllableswillassistinidentifyingwhere stressisplacedinwords. Stressedsyllableareutteredwithmoreforcewhereasunstressedsyllablesareutteredwithlessforce.The wordforcefullyisagoodexample.Thefirstsyllableforceisstressedandtheothertwoareunstressed.The followingsymbolshowsusstress(‘)inaword. Breakingupawordintosyllablesinwritingisdifferenttobreakingupsyllablesinspeech. o Usually,ifawordonlyhasmorethanonesyllable,onesyllableisstressed.Thevowelsoundisusually emphasized(saidlouder).Vowelsthatarestressedareusuallyphonetic. o Stressisoftenonthefirstsyllable.(Suffixes(ending)andprefixes(beginning)couldchangethis). o IfsuffixstartswithlettersIanduthiswillaffectpositionofstress–Thestresscomesonthesyllable beforethesuffix.E.g.Atlantic,comic,sufficient,explanation. o Othersuffixesdonotaffectthestressofword. o Mostnounsandadjectiveswithtwosyllableswillhavethestressplacedonthe1stsyllable. o Verbswithtwosyllableswilloftenhavestressplacedonthe2ndsyllable. o Prefixesarenotnormallystressedintwo-syllablewords,exceptinsomenounsoradjectives.Expert o Prefixesareusuallystressedinthree-syllablenouns&adjectives,butnotalwaysstressedinverbs. e.gContinent,incident,indicate Intonationdealswithpitch.Pitchcanvarywhilstspeaking.Byutteringawordorsentenceinadifferentpitch cancausethatitisinterpretedinadifferentway. o Createtoneandattitude. o Expressemotion,showdoubtorconfidence. o Accentuatecertainfunctions–wheretoplacestress o Indicategrammarandsyntaxstructureslikewhentopausebetweenphrases. o Signalsnewandgiveninformationwhenindicatingcontrast. Unit3: TypesofMorphemes Freemorphemes(basewords)arewordsorpartsofwordsthatcanstandontheirown.Cannotbebrokendown intosmallerunits.Carriesmeaningonitsown. Simpleorcompoundwords.Theycanstandaloneandwhentwowordsmakeupacompoundwordtheycan alsobeseenasfreebecausebothcanstillstandalone. Lexicalfreemorphemes(contentword) Standalonemorphemes,theyhavemeaningbythemselves,suchaseat,note,home. Grammaticalfreemorphemes(functionword) Functionwordstospecifyrelationshipbetweenothermorphemes,suchasan,his,but,because,for,I. Boundmorphemescannotstandalone.Mustbebeattachedtoawordinordertohavemeaning.E.– dogcanstandalone,however,thesneedstobeattachedtotheworddog. Prefixes,suffixesareboundmorphemes. GrammaticalInflectionalboundmorpheme(affix) Donotaffectgrammaticalstatusofword.8formsofinflectionalmorphemes: 1. Nounplurals 2. Posessivecase 3. Thirdpersonsingularverbs 4. Pasttense–ed 5. The–ingformoftheverb 6. Thepastparticipleformofaverb–ed 7. The–ercomparisonformofadjective 8. The–ercomparisonformofadjective LexicalDerivationalboundmorpheme(transformers)(affix) Transformswordtoanotherwordcategory.E.g.Hopeful,unhappy Spuriousrelationships Wall&wallet,corn&corner,wig&wiggle,ham&hammer,depart&department. Basewordandcompoundwordhasnorelationshipwitheachotheranddifferinmeaningcompletely. Irregularforms Differentinflections: bring–brought Internalvowelchange–Ablautwords: throw–threw Historicallyunrelatedforms: go–went MorphsandAllomorphs Morphsarephonological.Smallestpartofword.Phoneticsymbolsofmorphemesarecalledmorphs. Phonologicalrepresentationofmorphemes.Representsonewordsegment.E.g.Thewordinfamouscontains threemorphs,however,togethermakesuponemorpheme. Lexicalmorphsrepresentobjectsactionsdirectly.E.ndchair. Grammaticalmorphscanadjustormodifythemeaningofthelexicalmorph. Allomorphsaredifferentformsofmorphemes;itisavarietyofasinglemorpheme.Itisanotherwayof pronouncingaphonologicalformofamorpheme. Thedifferentformsalsorefertothedifferentpronunciationandspellings. The–saddedtoawordtoindicatepluralisanexample.Itispronounceddifferentlyinthefollowingwords;dogs, judges. ThepluralallomorphsofEnglishare:[әz][s][z]. o Office–official(Lexicalmorphemes) o Receive–Reception(Roots) o ImpossiblevsIncorrect(Derivationalmorphemes) o Voiced/d/inlovedvsunvoiced/t/inwalked(grammaticalendings) Allomorphsthatindicatepasttense