Sociologie Doelstellingen
Blok 3.2
-explain what culture is
Culture a definition:
The ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together form a people’s way
of life.
Traditional foods
What foods do you commonly eat?
What are your favorite foods?
How often do you eat them?
Which foods do you eat on holidays or special occasions?
Foods and health:
Which foods do you eat to be healthy?
Which foods do you avoid now that you have diabetes?
Which foods do you eat more of now that you have diabetes?
Have you seen other practitioners for the treatment of diabetes and its related conditions? If yes,
what treatments or remedies are you taking?
We all have favorite remedies that we use when we are sick. Which home remedies do you use?
-explain the relation between culture and health and culture and food choice
Relationship of Culture to Food and Disease
Every culture defines its eating occasions. Culture is an accumulation of a group's learned and shared
behaviors. Acquired by people living their everyday lives, culture offers beliefs, customs, and
knowledge, as well as a sense of identity, order, and security. It defines social structure, decision-
making practices, and communication styles. Transmitted formally and informally from one
generation to the next, culture dictates behavior, etiquette, and protocol.
As a starting point for discussing culture, ethnicity and race merit definition and reflection. No
universally accepted definition of ethnicity exists. This complex concept typically refers to identity
generated within and between social groups. Ethnicity is often referred to as a common ancestry that
may include shared language, nationality, social customs, and religion. Race generally refers to
particular physical characteristics of individuals, including skin color, facial features, and hair,
delineating to race categories such as African American, American Indian, Asian, and others.
According to Gabaccia, “food and language are the cultural habits humans learn first and the ones
they change with the greatest reluctance.” As a powerful symbol of cultural identity, food is more
than an object or product to be purchased for routine inclusion in daily life. Food fulfills the human
race both culturally and physiologically. The meaning of food for different cultural groups goes
beyond providing sustenance. Cultural food patterns are defined by what, when, how, and with
whom foods are eaten. Ethnic and racial groups differ in how they identify foods and how they
prepare them, the condiments they use, and the timing and frequency of meals. Foods are frequently
used in symbolic ways, playing an integral role in religious ceremonies and social events. Cultural
food practices are dynamic and ever-changing, with many traditions persisting with acculturation.
,Ethnic groups maintain their cultural identities with their food practices, values, and beliefs. Culture
determines how a person defines health, recognizes illness, and seeks treatment. Each culture has
attitudes, beliefs, practices, and values about good health and disease prevention; the care and
treatment of the sick; whom to consult when ill; and the social roles between the client or patient
and health care professionals.
Disease refers to physiological and psychological processes. Illness refers to the psychosocial
meaning and experience of the perceived disease for the individual, the family, and those associated
with the individual. Health care professionals have been trained to manage disease, whereas patients
seek care to manage their illness. A cultural discordance occurs when the management of illness
differs from the management of disease. Successful cross-cultural communication and understanding
occurs when health care professionals address clients' perceptions of illness, treatment, and
outcome.
Growing evidence supports a connection between understanding a client's culture and health
outcomes, particularly as it relates to client satisfaction and adherence. Long-term supportive follow-
up with an emphasis on client-family-community empowerment can improve diabetes outcomes.
Understanding culture is an active, developmental learning process requiring a long-term
commitment.
Cultural Competence: Integrating Cultural Food Practices Into Diabetes Care and Education
Increasing evidence suggests that understanding the influence of culture on health care practices
may improve diabetes outcomes. Integrating cultural constructs into diabetes care and education
that targets ethnic groups may result in greater patient satisfaction. The members of many ethnic
and racial groups possess attitudes, beliefs, and values related to health, making the development of
cultural competence essential for every health care provider.
To be effective in encouraging clients to make healthier food choices and improving health
outcomes, health care professionals must possess specific knowledge about food habits, preferences,
and practices (e.g., holidays, celebrations, and fasting practices) for the ethnic and racial groups they
see in their practice. In this way, clients feel as if they have been understood and their beliefs,
behaviors, and values have been respected. Before providing any type of intervention to a diverse
clientele, health care professionals will benefit from knowing about cultural competence and how it
may fit into their scope of diabetes practice.
According to the classic Campinha-Bacote Model, cultural competence means recognizing and
forming one's attitudes, beliefs, skills, values, and levels of awareness to provide culturally
appropriate, respectful, and relevant care and education. To complement and add to this definition,
cultural competence is also described as a set of congruent attitudes, behaviors, and policies.Situated
in a system, agency, or among integrated patterns of human behavior, cultural competence
constructs include understanding the language, thoughts, communications, actions, customs, beliefs,
values, and institutions of ethnic, racial, religious, or social groups. Many cultural competence
models exist, and the premises of each are similar: developing cultural awareness, knowledge, skills,
desire to engage with others, and interactions. Such models rely on the ability of health care
professionals to ask questions, listen carefully, speak simply and respectfully, and involve clients in
their own treatment plans.
, Cultural awareness
Cultural awareness arises from gaining an appreciation for a client's culture and its effect on values,
beliefs, practices, and problem-solving strategies. Health care professionals must examine their own
cultural backgrounds and ask themselves and their clients questions related to values, beliefs, and
practices. Examples include:
Health care professional:
1. What assumptions do you make about ethnic and racial groups? How might your
assumptions and comments contribute to difficulties?
2. What are some of your health-related values, beliefs, and practices related to diabetes and
how might they affect the way you provide diabetes care and education?
Client:
1. What, if anything, would you like me to know about your diabetes that I have not asked?
2. What are some of your health-related values, beliefs, and practices?
Beyond this fundamental level, cultural awareness also means having a willingness to extend oneself
to the client.
Cultural knowledge
Gaining cultural knowledge means familiarizing oneself with the cultural variations in families, health
beliefs, and sociodemographics among various cultural groups. Cultural knowledge also involves
developing an understanding of and educational base about different cultures' health practices, food
habits, and notions about obtaining assistance from health care professionals. It also involves
knowing the physical, biological, physiological, and psychological differences among cultural groups.
Knowledge about another ethnic and racial group includes assessments about the relevant norms,
values, world views, and practicalities of everyday life.
Summary
Culture influences values, beliefs, and practices related to food and diabetes. Differences between
racial and ethnic groups provide a context for examining cultural food practices and their impact on
diabetes practices. To best serve the health care needs of racial and ethnic groups with diabetes,
health care professionals must acknowledge each group's attitudes, beliefs, values, and ways of
being. Recognizing these cultural constructs may better prepare health care professionals to
understand their clients' feelings and thoughts about diabetes. By applying the cultural competence
constructs presented here, health care professionals may be better prepared to interact with a
diverse population requiring diabetes care and education.
-explain what a culture shock is
A culture shock is a personal disorientation
when experienced an unfamiliar way of life
1.Honeymoon Phase
this is usually during the first few days or
Blok 3.2
-explain what culture is
Culture a definition:
The ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together form a people’s way
of life.
Traditional foods
What foods do you commonly eat?
What are your favorite foods?
How often do you eat them?
Which foods do you eat on holidays or special occasions?
Foods and health:
Which foods do you eat to be healthy?
Which foods do you avoid now that you have diabetes?
Which foods do you eat more of now that you have diabetes?
Have you seen other practitioners for the treatment of diabetes and its related conditions? If yes,
what treatments or remedies are you taking?
We all have favorite remedies that we use when we are sick. Which home remedies do you use?
-explain the relation between culture and health and culture and food choice
Relationship of Culture to Food and Disease
Every culture defines its eating occasions. Culture is an accumulation of a group's learned and shared
behaviors. Acquired by people living their everyday lives, culture offers beliefs, customs, and
knowledge, as well as a sense of identity, order, and security. It defines social structure, decision-
making practices, and communication styles. Transmitted formally and informally from one
generation to the next, culture dictates behavior, etiquette, and protocol.
As a starting point for discussing culture, ethnicity and race merit definition and reflection. No
universally accepted definition of ethnicity exists. This complex concept typically refers to identity
generated within and between social groups. Ethnicity is often referred to as a common ancestry that
may include shared language, nationality, social customs, and religion. Race generally refers to
particular physical characteristics of individuals, including skin color, facial features, and hair,
delineating to race categories such as African American, American Indian, Asian, and others.
According to Gabaccia, “food and language are the cultural habits humans learn first and the ones
they change with the greatest reluctance.” As a powerful symbol of cultural identity, food is more
than an object or product to be purchased for routine inclusion in daily life. Food fulfills the human
race both culturally and physiologically. The meaning of food for different cultural groups goes
beyond providing sustenance. Cultural food patterns are defined by what, when, how, and with
whom foods are eaten. Ethnic and racial groups differ in how they identify foods and how they
prepare them, the condiments they use, and the timing and frequency of meals. Foods are frequently
used in symbolic ways, playing an integral role in religious ceremonies and social events. Cultural
food practices are dynamic and ever-changing, with many traditions persisting with acculturation.
,Ethnic groups maintain their cultural identities with their food practices, values, and beliefs. Culture
determines how a person defines health, recognizes illness, and seeks treatment. Each culture has
attitudes, beliefs, practices, and values about good health and disease prevention; the care and
treatment of the sick; whom to consult when ill; and the social roles between the client or patient
and health care professionals.
Disease refers to physiological and psychological processes. Illness refers to the psychosocial
meaning and experience of the perceived disease for the individual, the family, and those associated
with the individual. Health care professionals have been trained to manage disease, whereas patients
seek care to manage their illness. A cultural discordance occurs when the management of illness
differs from the management of disease. Successful cross-cultural communication and understanding
occurs when health care professionals address clients' perceptions of illness, treatment, and
outcome.
Growing evidence supports a connection between understanding a client's culture and health
outcomes, particularly as it relates to client satisfaction and adherence. Long-term supportive follow-
up with an emphasis on client-family-community empowerment can improve diabetes outcomes.
Understanding culture is an active, developmental learning process requiring a long-term
commitment.
Cultural Competence: Integrating Cultural Food Practices Into Diabetes Care and Education
Increasing evidence suggests that understanding the influence of culture on health care practices
may improve diabetes outcomes. Integrating cultural constructs into diabetes care and education
that targets ethnic groups may result in greater patient satisfaction. The members of many ethnic
and racial groups possess attitudes, beliefs, and values related to health, making the development of
cultural competence essential for every health care provider.
To be effective in encouraging clients to make healthier food choices and improving health
outcomes, health care professionals must possess specific knowledge about food habits, preferences,
and practices (e.g., holidays, celebrations, and fasting practices) for the ethnic and racial groups they
see in their practice. In this way, clients feel as if they have been understood and their beliefs,
behaviors, and values have been respected. Before providing any type of intervention to a diverse
clientele, health care professionals will benefit from knowing about cultural competence and how it
may fit into their scope of diabetes practice.
According to the classic Campinha-Bacote Model, cultural competence means recognizing and
forming one's attitudes, beliefs, skills, values, and levels of awareness to provide culturally
appropriate, respectful, and relevant care and education. To complement and add to this definition,
cultural competence is also described as a set of congruent attitudes, behaviors, and policies.Situated
in a system, agency, or among integrated patterns of human behavior, cultural competence
constructs include understanding the language, thoughts, communications, actions, customs, beliefs,
values, and institutions of ethnic, racial, religious, or social groups. Many cultural competence
models exist, and the premises of each are similar: developing cultural awareness, knowledge, skills,
desire to engage with others, and interactions. Such models rely on the ability of health care
professionals to ask questions, listen carefully, speak simply and respectfully, and involve clients in
their own treatment plans.
, Cultural awareness
Cultural awareness arises from gaining an appreciation for a client's culture and its effect on values,
beliefs, practices, and problem-solving strategies. Health care professionals must examine their own
cultural backgrounds and ask themselves and their clients questions related to values, beliefs, and
practices. Examples include:
Health care professional:
1. What assumptions do you make about ethnic and racial groups? How might your
assumptions and comments contribute to difficulties?
2. What are some of your health-related values, beliefs, and practices related to diabetes and
how might they affect the way you provide diabetes care and education?
Client:
1. What, if anything, would you like me to know about your diabetes that I have not asked?
2. What are some of your health-related values, beliefs, and practices?
Beyond this fundamental level, cultural awareness also means having a willingness to extend oneself
to the client.
Cultural knowledge
Gaining cultural knowledge means familiarizing oneself with the cultural variations in families, health
beliefs, and sociodemographics among various cultural groups. Cultural knowledge also involves
developing an understanding of and educational base about different cultures' health practices, food
habits, and notions about obtaining assistance from health care professionals. It also involves
knowing the physical, biological, physiological, and psychological differences among cultural groups.
Knowledge about another ethnic and racial group includes assessments about the relevant norms,
values, world views, and practicalities of everyday life.
Summary
Culture influences values, beliefs, and practices related to food and diabetes. Differences between
racial and ethnic groups provide a context for examining cultural food practices and their impact on
diabetes practices. To best serve the health care needs of racial and ethnic groups with diabetes,
health care professionals must acknowledge each group's attitudes, beliefs, values, and ways of
being. Recognizing these cultural constructs may better prepare health care professionals to
understand their clients' feelings and thoughts about diabetes. By applying the cultural competence
constructs presented here, health care professionals may be better prepared to interact with a
diverse population requiring diabetes care and education.
-explain what a culture shock is
A culture shock is a personal disorientation
when experienced an unfamiliar way of life
1.Honeymoon Phase
this is usually during the first few days or
