Neuroscience
Contents
Neuroscience.......................................................................................................................................1
Chapter 12 - Hunger...........................................................................................................................5
Homeostasis - body weight is maintained..................................................................................5
Metabolic and hormonal factors..................................................................................................8
Glucostatic theory.......................................................................................................................9
Lipostatic theory.......................................................................................................................10
Ischymetric theory...................................................................................................................10
Hormones..................................................................................................................................10
Fat tissue related gender differences and the reward of eating............................................14
Obesity problem and a few (in)effective treatments...............................................................17
Ghrelin........................................................................................................................................19
(In)activity and energy expenditure...........................................................................................20
Chapter 11 - Learning, memory and amnesia..............................................................................22
Medial temporal lobe damage....................................................................................................23
Central nervous system disorders - Korsakoff’s syndrome....................................................24
Korsakoff’s - brain damage after alcohol abuse...................................................................24
1
, Alzheimers disease...................................................................................................................26
Concussion.................................................................................................................................27
Memory systems...........................................................................................................................28
Morris water maze....................................................................................................................28
Fear conditioning......................................................................................................................29
Moving of memories.................................................................................................................29
Impact of sleep deprivation.........................................................................................................29
Chapter 14 - Sleep............................................................................................................................30
Characteristics of sleep...............................................................................................................30
Regulation of sleep.......................................................................................................................35
homeostatic regulation...........................................................................................................35
a clock regulating the day-night rhythm................................................................................36
systems that regulate waking and sleeping..........................................................................37
Functions of sleep.........................................................................................................................39
Sleep and memory formation.....................................................................................................42
Sleep and ageing...........................................................................................................................45
Sleep and the regulation of emotions.......................................................................................47
Sleep disturbance and depression.............................................................................................49
PTSD............................................................................................................................................49
2
, Depression.................................................................................................................................50
Chapter 15: drug use, drug addiction and the brain’s reward circuits......................................53
What is addiction?.........................................................................................................................53
DSM IV criteria of substance dependence:............................................................................53
DSM V criteria of substance dependence..............................................................................53
Reward and dopamine.................................................................................................................54
From reward towards addiction.................................................................................................56
Tolerance and conditioning.....................................................................................................58
Drug withdrawal........................................................................................................................61
Liking / wanting.........................................................................................................................65
Relapse...........................................................................................................................................69
Food, sex and reward......................................................................................................................72
Food and reward...........................................................................................................................72
Sex and reward.............................................................................................................................74
Chapter 13 - hormones and sex.....................................................................................................76
Pituitary (the neuroendocrine system)......................................................................................76
Brain oxytocin...............................................................................................................................82
Hypothalamus-pituitary-axis and Gender Development........................................................85
Gender development...............................................................................................................85
3
, Gonadol hormones...................................................................................................................91
4
Contents
Neuroscience.......................................................................................................................................1
Chapter 12 - Hunger...........................................................................................................................5
Homeostasis - body weight is maintained..................................................................................5
Metabolic and hormonal factors..................................................................................................8
Glucostatic theory.......................................................................................................................9
Lipostatic theory.......................................................................................................................10
Ischymetric theory...................................................................................................................10
Hormones..................................................................................................................................10
Fat tissue related gender differences and the reward of eating............................................14
Obesity problem and a few (in)effective treatments...............................................................17
Ghrelin........................................................................................................................................19
(In)activity and energy expenditure...........................................................................................20
Chapter 11 - Learning, memory and amnesia..............................................................................22
Medial temporal lobe damage....................................................................................................23
Central nervous system disorders - Korsakoff’s syndrome....................................................24
Korsakoff’s - brain damage after alcohol abuse...................................................................24
1
, Alzheimers disease...................................................................................................................26
Concussion.................................................................................................................................27
Memory systems...........................................................................................................................28
Morris water maze....................................................................................................................28
Fear conditioning......................................................................................................................29
Moving of memories.................................................................................................................29
Impact of sleep deprivation.........................................................................................................29
Chapter 14 - Sleep............................................................................................................................30
Characteristics of sleep...............................................................................................................30
Regulation of sleep.......................................................................................................................35
homeostatic regulation...........................................................................................................35
a clock regulating the day-night rhythm................................................................................36
systems that regulate waking and sleeping..........................................................................37
Functions of sleep.........................................................................................................................39
Sleep and memory formation.....................................................................................................42
Sleep and ageing...........................................................................................................................45
Sleep and the regulation of emotions.......................................................................................47
Sleep disturbance and depression.............................................................................................49
PTSD............................................................................................................................................49
2
, Depression.................................................................................................................................50
Chapter 15: drug use, drug addiction and the brain’s reward circuits......................................53
What is addiction?.........................................................................................................................53
DSM IV criteria of substance dependence:............................................................................53
DSM V criteria of substance dependence..............................................................................53
Reward and dopamine.................................................................................................................54
From reward towards addiction.................................................................................................56
Tolerance and conditioning.....................................................................................................58
Drug withdrawal........................................................................................................................61
Liking / wanting.........................................................................................................................65
Relapse...........................................................................................................................................69
Food, sex and reward......................................................................................................................72
Food and reward...........................................................................................................................72
Sex and reward.............................................................................................................................74
Chapter 13 - hormones and sex.....................................................................................................76
Pituitary (the neuroendocrine system)......................................................................................76
Brain oxytocin...............................................................................................................................82
Hypothalamus-pituitary-axis and Gender Development........................................................85
Gender development...............................................................................................................85
3
, Gonadol hormones...................................................................................................................91
4
