Summary HAP-20306
Human and animal biology 2
Contents
Module A............................................................................................................................................................................................. 2
Theme 1: Complete organism......................................................................................................................................................... 2
Pz7 .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 2
Pz8 .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 2
Theme 2.5: Digestive system and energy metabolism ................................................................................................................... 3
L14: Energy metabolism and Thermoregulation ........................................................................................................................ 3
L15: GI-tract and foraging behaviour.......................................................................................................................................... 4
L16: Digestion ............................................................................................................................................................................. 5
Pph3 ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
Pph4 ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
Ph4 .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
Pz9 .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Theme 2.6: Cardiovascular system. ................................................................................................................................................ 7
L17: Circulatory system .............................................................................................................................................................. 7
L18: Cardiovascular system ........................................................................................................................................................ 8
Pph5 ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Pph6 ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Pz10a(heart) ............................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Module B:.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Theme 2.7: respiratory system ..................................................................................................................................................... 10
L19: Respiratory system ........................................................................................................................................................... 10
L20: Respiratory system ........................................................................................................................................................... 11
Pz10b(lungs) ............................................................................................................................................................................. 12
Ph5b(lungs) ............................................................................................................................................................................... 12
Pph7 .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
Theme 2.8: Renal system and osmoregulation ............................................................................................................................ 12
L21: Osmoregulation ................................................................................................................................................................ 12
L22: Renal system ..................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Pph8 .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Theme 3: Evolution, taxonomy and biodiversity .......................................................................................................................... 14
L23: Evolution ........................................................................................................................................................................... 14
L24: Taxonomy and phylogony ................................................................................................................................................. 14
L25: Animal phylogony ............................................................................................................................................................. 15
L26 : Vertebrate phylogeny ...................................................................................................................................................... 16
,Module A
Theme 1: Complete organism
Pz7
Pz8
, Theme 2.5: Digestive system and energy metabolism
L14: Energy metabolism and Thermoregulation
- Catabolism: breaking nutrients down, energy producing
- Anabolism: building up, energy storage
ATP(adenine tryphosphate) is the universal energy carrier, which captures
free energy by catabolism of micronutrients. Is needed for labour.
Carbohydrates: glucose is used for energy(glycolysis, Krebs, etc.). Stored in
the form of glycogen.
Proteins: stored as proteins(e.g. muscles), proteins can be degraded to
amino acids(proteolysis) if necessary.
Fats: Lipoproteins in blood: broken down to free fatty acids and glycerol.
Fatty acids can be broken down into acetyl-CoA.
ATP production:
- Aerobic: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 32 ADP + 32 Pi = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 32 ATP
- Anaerobic: C6H12O6 + 2 ADP + 2 Pi = 2 C3H6O3 + 2 ATP
Energy balance during the day:
- Absorptive phase(3-4 hours after meal):
absorption nutrients in digestive tract.
- Postabsorptive phase(between meals): no
absorption.
Insulin: hormone that reduces blood glucose levels.
Glucagon: hormone that rises blood glucose levels.
Heat exchange:
- Radiation: sun and animals, infrared.
- Evaporation: conversion liquid to gas, heat loss.
- Convection: heat exchange by moving gas or liquid.
- Conduction: heat exchange between objects in contact.
Poikilothermic animals: Body temperature is not regulated, but
conform to the environment
Human and animal biology 2
Contents
Module A............................................................................................................................................................................................. 2
Theme 1: Complete organism......................................................................................................................................................... 2
Pz7 .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 2
Pz8 .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 2
Theme 2.5: Digestive system and energy metabolism ................................................................................................................... 3
L14: Energy metabolism and Thermoregulation ........................................................................................................................ 3
L15: GI-tract and foraging behaviour.......................................................................................................................................... 4
L16: Digestion ............................................................................................................................................................................. 5
Pph3 ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
Pph4 ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
Ph4 .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
Pz9 .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Theme 2.6: Cardiovascular system. ................................................................................................................................................ 7
L17: Circulatory system .............................................................................................................................................................. 7
L18: Cardiovascular system ........................................................................................................................................................ 8
Pph5 ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Pph6 ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Pz10a(heart) ............................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Module B:.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Theme 2.7: respiratory system ..................................................................................................................................................... 10
L19: Respiratory system ........................................................................................................................................................... 10
L20: Respiratory system ........................................................................................................................................................... 11
Pz10b(lungs) ............................................................................................................................................................................. 12
Ph5b(lungs) ............................................................................................................................................................................... 12
Pph7 .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
Theme 2.8: Renal system and osmoregulation ............................................................................................................................ 12
L21: Osmoregulation ................................................................................................................................................................ 12
L22: Renal system ..................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Pph8 .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Theme 3: Evolution, taxonomy and biodiversity .......................................................................................................................... 14
L23: Evolution ........................................................................................................................................................................... 14
L24: Taxonomy and phylogony ................................................................................................................................................. 14
L25: Animal phylogony ............................................................................................................................................................. 15
L26 : Vertebrate phylogeny ...................................................................................................................................................... 16
,Module A
Theme 1: Complete organism
Pz7
Pz8
, Theme 2.5: Digestive system and energy metabolism
L14: Energy metabolism and Thermoregulation
- Catabolism: breaking nutrients down, energy producing
- Anabolism: building up, energy storage
ATP(adenine tryphosphate) is the universal energy carrier, which captures
free energy by catabolism of micronutrients. Is needed for labour.
Carbohydrates: glucose is used for energy(glycolysis, Krebs, etc.). Stored in
the form of glycogen.
Proteins: stored as proteins(e.g. muscles), proteins can be degraded to
amino acids(proteolysis) if necessary.
Fats: Lipoproteins in blood: broken down to free fatty acids and glycerol.
Fatty acids can be broken down into acetyl-CoA.
ATP production:
- Aerobic: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 32 ADP + 32 Pi = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 32 ATP
- Anaerobic: C6H12O6 + 2 ADP + 2 Pi = 2 C3H6O3 + 2 ATP
Energy balance during the day:
- Absorptive phase(3-4 hours after meal):
absorption nutrients in digestive tract.
- Postabsorptive phase(between meals): no
absorption.
Insulin: hormone that reduces blood glucose levels.
Glucagon: hormone that rises blood glucose levels.
Heat exchange:
- Radiation: sun and animals, infrared.
- Evaporation: conversion liquid to gas, heat loss.
- Convection: heat exchange by moving gas or liquid.
- Conduction: heat exchange between objects in contact.
Poikilothermic animals: Body temperature is not regulated, but
conform to the environment
