Martin Caon Examination Questions and Answers in Basic Anatomy and Physiology 2400 Multiple Choice Questions Second Edition

Contents 1 Organisation of the Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 Cells and Tissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.1 Cells and Tissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.2 Cell Cycle (Mitosis and Protein Synthesis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3 Measurement, Errors, Data and Unit Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4 Chemistry for Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.1 Atoms and Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.2 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4.3 Diffusion and Osmosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 4.4 Tonicity, Moles and Osmoles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 4.5 Acids, Bases and Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 4.6 Organic Chemistry and Macromolecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 5 Integument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 6 Homeostasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 7 Skeleton and Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 8 Muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 9 Gastrointestinal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 10 Endocrine System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 11 Renal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 12 Cardiovascular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 12.1 Blood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 12.2 Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 12.3 Blood Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 12.4 Pressure: The Physics of Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 12.5 Pressure Applied to the Cardiovascular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 12.6 Blood Pressure and Its Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 xvi 13 Respiratory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 13.1 Anatomy and Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 13.2 Pressure Applied to the Respiratory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 14 Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 14.1 Cells and Action Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 14.2 Brain and Spinal Cord Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 14.3 Autonomic Nervous System, Neurotransmitters, and Reflexes . . . 440 14.4 Special Senses (Eye and Ear) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 14.4.1 Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 14.4.2 Ear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 15 Reproductive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 16 Waves, Light Waves, Sound Waves and Ultrasound (The Physics of) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 16.1 Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 16.2 Light Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 16.3 Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502 16.4 Ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506 17 Ionising Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 17.1 Medical Imaging with X-Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 17.2 Radioactivity, Radiotherapy, Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 18 Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 19 Biomechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551 20 Body Temperature, Energy and Heat Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567 21 Essay Topics for a Written Assignment Assessment in Anatomy and Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585 Contents © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 1 M. Caon, Examination Questions and Answers in Basic Anatomy and Physiology, Chapter 1 Organisation of the Body A large part of beginning the study of anatomy and physiology is learning the specialised words that are used. This new terminology may seem daunting, but the challenge lies in its unfamiliarity rather than its difficulty of comprehension. You must expect to encounter a lot of new words and be prepared to learn them over the course of your study. Most of the words contain information as the words are constructed with a prefix and a suffix or a stem that identifies the word as referring to a specific part of anatomy or physiology. Many anatomical and physiological terms are in fact descriptions. For example, extensor carpi radialis longus refers to a muscle that extends the hand at the wrist (the carpals), lies over the radius bone and is the longer of two muscles. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) refers to a molecule that contains units of a ribose sugar with an oxygen atom removed, attached to a base to form a nucleoside and also attached to a phosphoric acid. This sometimes makes the words rather long or unusual. You should know what the anatomical position of the body is and in what direction the transverse, sagittal and coronal planes of the body lie. Directional terms such as proximal/distal, deep/superficial, superior/inferior, lateral/medial, anterior/ posterior and caudal/cephalic allow the location of one anatomical feature to be placed relative to another. The dorsal and ventral body cavities are located on different sides of the bod