CSL2601 - Constitutional Law_ Exam Questions AND Answers 2021.

CSL2601 - Constitutional Law_ Exam Questions AND Answers 2021. Distinguish an inflexible constitution from a flexible one and mention an example of each. (6) A flexible constitution has the same status as ordinary laws of the land and has no special procedures for amendment. An example would be the 1961 constitution of South Africa. An inflexible constitution usually enjoys a higher status to other laws and requires a special amendment procedure. An example is the 1996 constitution of South Africa. 6 Does South Africa have a flexible or inflexible constitution? (3) South Africa has an inflexible constitution. Section 2 of the constitution states the constitution is the supreme law of the land. Section 74(1) – (3) lays down the requirements for amendment to the constitution. 7 Distinguish between a supreme constitution and one that is not supreme. Give an example of each. (5) A supreme constitution ranks above all other laws of the state and is normally associated with an inflexible constitution. An example of a supreme constitution is the 1996 constitution of South Africa. On the other hand a constitution that is not supreme does not enjoy any special status to other laws in the land and the government can declare laws which conflict with the basic principals of the constitution. An example of a constitution that is not supreme is Britain. 8 Explain why South Africa has a supreme constitution. (3) The South African constitution is supreme. Section 1(c) lists the supremecy of the constitution as a founding value. Section 2 states that the constitution is the supreme law of the republic. Section 172(1)(a) requires the courts to declare any law that is not consistent with the constitution invalid in terms of its inconsistency. 9 Explain the difference between autochthonous and allochthonous constitutions. (5) Autochthonous constitutions are said to be indigenous as opposed to borrowed. Reactive constitutions which aim to resolve specific issues of the past are indigenous. There are also constitutions which maintain continuity with established norms and tradition which are also indigenous. Finally there are superimposed constitutions whose contents are largely unrelated to the history of the country; this is an example of an allochthonous constitution. It is often difficult to find an example of a constitution that fits distinctly into either category. For instance the 1996 constitution of South Africa is considered to be an indigenous constitution as it was drafted in the light of South Africa’s history, but at the same time borrowed on the experience of other countries and was influenced by international law. 10 Discuss the following concepts: a) state b) government c) sovereignty (5) (5) (5) A state is defined by the following requirements:  a specific geographically defined territory  a community of people who live in that territory  a legal order in which the community is subject  an organized system of government which is able to uphold the legal order  a measure of separate political identity The government is a temporary bearer of state authority, whom represents the state at a particular time. Initially government did not have a political connotation and was associated with the judicial function. Gradually government became a general term covering all functions and organs of state. Today government relates primarily to the executive function with particular bearing on the formation and implementation of policy. A sovereign state defines a state which is autonomous and independent and therefore not subject to the authority of any other state. It was historically used to refer to the monarch of a country, however in recent times it has been associated with the sovereignty of the people to indicate that the power of government rests in the hands of the people. This gave rise to the concept that parliament is sovereign, which meant that legislative authority was vested in parliament and it could enact any law no matter how reasonable or unjust and the courts could not challenge this decision. Study Unit 2 This study deals with additional constitutional concepts as well as the trias politica doctrine. This unit is important as following units are an elaboration of each branch of government. 1 Discuss the following constitutional principals: a) constitutionalism b) the rule of law c) the rechtstaat principal (5) (5) (5) Constitutionalism refers to government in accordance with the constitution. Government derives it powers from, is bound by and is limited by the constitution. Constitutionalism is normally associated with a supreme constitution. It also describes a state in which law reigns supreme. The doctrine of the rule of law was developed in England in 1885 by Dicey, according to Dicey the law rests on the following three premises:  The absence of arbitrary power. No person is above the law and no person is punished except for a distinct breach of the law.  Equality before the law. Every individual is subject to ordinary law and the jurisdiction of the ordinary courts.  A judge-made constitution. The rules of British law were the result of judicial decisions confirming the common law. In this doctrine the government is bound by common law. This requirement is not workable from a South African perspective as the South African common law does not provide the individual with adequate protection from human rights violations or have mechanisms to hold the state accountable. The German Rechtstaat principal refers to the concept of government by law and not by force. The rechtstaat can be split into a formal and material rechtstaat. A formal rechtstaat requires compliance with formal criteria, such as due process and separation of powers. The material rechtstaat requires that state authority is bound to higher legal principals and the exercise of state authority must result in a materially just legal condition. 2 Explain whether South Africa is a constitutional state or a rechtstaat. (10) In a constitutional state government derives its powers from, is bound by and is limited by the constitution. There are mechanisms in place to prevent the concentration of power in a single body. Constitutionalism also includes features such as protection of fundamental rights, separation of powers and an independent judiciary. The German Rechtstaat refers to government by law and not by force. The formal rechtstaat outlines the requirement for separation of powers and legal certainty. The material rechtstaat expands on the formal by requiring state authority to aspire to higher legal values such as the implementation of human rights. In terms of the following two definitions a constitutional state and a rechtstaat are essentially the same things. South Africa has a constitution that includes a bill of rights, implements the separation of powers doctrine and strives for an independent judiciary. Therefore it can be said that South Africa is both a constitutional state and a formal and material rechtstaat. 3 Explain what is meant by the term democracy. (5) Democracy refers to government by the people. The word democracy derives from the Greek words Demos meaning the people and Kratos meaning power. Democracy comes in two forms direct democracy and representative democracy. Direct democracy means that all decisions are made by the people themselves. Representative democracy is when citizens of the state elect representatives who express the will of the people. A democracy is characterized by the following:  Free and regular elections  A multiparty system  Universal suffrage (i.e. all citizens above a certain age have the right to vote)  The protection of minorities  Mechanisms to ensure accountability to government. 4 Explain whether South Africa is a democracy. (5) The 1993 constitution established a fully representative democracy for the first time in South Africa and the 1996 constitution continues in this tradition. Free elections are held every four years. A multiparty system has been implemented. The constitution guarantees the right of every person older than the age of 18 to vote. Minorities are constitutionally protected through the bill of rights. South Africa is also considered a constitutional democracy as peoples representatives are bound to observe the norms and values of the constitution. 5 Discuss the question whether judicial review is undemocratic. (5) It terms of the 1996 constitution, laws that are inconsistent with the constitution can be declared invalid by the judiciary. It may seem undemocratic that judges who have not been elected by the electorate can declare the laws of the people chosen representatives invalid. The following points explain why even though the constitution allows for judicial review, it can still be considered democratic.  The South African constitution was compiled by the people’s representatives. There had to be a 2/3 majority of the constitutional assembly. This was a product of lengthy negotiations and democratic deliberation.  Democracy allows citizens to state their views and challenge widely accepted beliefs without fear of reprisal. Judicial review contributes to this by protecting people’s political rights and freedom of expression.  When judges declare a law invalid they are not able to put their own view in its place. The invalidated law is returned to the legislature who has the discretionary power to amend the law provided it does not conflict with the constitution. 6 Discuss the doctrine of “separation of powers” and “check and balances” (10) Separation of powers or “trias politica” separates state authority into legislative, executive and judicial authority. The reason for this is there can be no political freedom if one person or body makes the laws, implements them and acts as arbitrator when the are contravened, therefore preventing an abuse of power in one organ. Legislative authority is the power to create, amend and repeal laws. Executive authority is the power to execute and enforce legal rules. Judicial authority is the power to interpret legal rules and apply them to concrete situations. The doctrine of separation of powers may imply:  a formal division of state authority into legislative, executive and judicial  a separation of personal so that one person may not be involved in more than one branch  a separation of function so that one branch of government may not usurp the powers of another  checks and balances with each branch given special powers to restrain the others. The doctrine of checks and balances gives each branch of government special powers to restrain the other branches and maintain the desired equilibrium among the three components of governments. The doctrine of checks and balances is firmly entrenched in the constitution of South Africa, the most important of these checks and balances is judicial review, which allows legislative or administrative action to be challenged in a court of law. The judiciary acts as a watchdog over the legislative and executive bodies and must ensure government acts in compliance with the procedural and substantive requirements of the constitution. 7 Discuss whether South Africa has adopted the separation of powers under its new dispensation. (5) Separation of powers or “trias politica” separates state authority into legislative, executive and judicial authority. Legislative authority is the power to create, amend and repeal laws. Executive authority is the power to execute and enforce legal rules. Judicial authority is the power to interpret legal rules and apply them to concrete situations. The doctrine of separation of powers may imply:  a formal division of state authority into legislative, executive and judicial  a separation of personal so that one person may not be involved in more than one branch  a separation of function so that one branch of government may not usurp the powers of another  checks and balances with each branch given special powers to restrain the others. The South African constitution embraces the separation of powers by expressly defining the roles of the legislative, executive and judicial authority. In Executive Council of the Western Cape v President of the republic of South Africa 1995, the constitutional court invalidated a provision in an Act of Parliament which authorized the president to amend or repeal provisions of certain parliamentary legislation (i.e. the usurpation of the parliament’s legislative authority by the executive). The constitution implements the doctrine of checks and balances most importantly through judicial review, which allows legislative or administrative action to be challenged in a court of law. The judiciary acts as a watchdog over the legislative and executive bodies and must ensure government acts in compliance with the procedural and substantive requirements of the constitution. 8 Distinguish between parliamentary and presidential systems of government. (6) The relationship between the executive and the legislative bodies determines if a country has a parliamentary or presidential system. Presidential System Parliamentary System The head of government is also the head of state. The head of state and the head of government are two different people. The head of government is not a member of the legislature and is not responsible for it. The head of government and his cabinet members are the members of the legislature. The head of government is often elected directly by the people. The leader of government is the leader of the party with a clear majority. 9 Explain what you understand by the term “federalism”. (5) A federation splits government into two or more legal orders (e.g. National/Provincial/Local), neither of which is subject to the other. In a federation legislative and executive power and sources of income are split between the various levels of government; however some issues such as defense, taxation and international trade are managed by national government. The powers of a federation may be divided in the following ways:  The powers of the national government are defined in the constitution and everything not defined is in the hands of the provinces, such as the US constitution.  The powers of the provinces are defined in the constitution and the remainder is vested in national government, such as in Canada.  All levels of government are defined in the constitution and a provision is required to determine the highest authority for matters not identified, such as in Switzerland. Most federal constitutions provide for concurrent powers. 10 Explain whether South Africa is a federal state. (5) A federation splits government into two or more legal orders (e.g. National/Provincial/Local), neither of which is subject to the other. In a federation legislative and executive power and sources of income are split between the various levels of government. Most federal constitutions provide for concurrent powers. The 1996 constitution contains a number of important federal features, such as:  Section 40(1) states that the government in constituted at national, provincial and local levels which are distinctive, interdependent and interrelated.  Chapter 6 sets out executive and legislative authority and determines under what circumstances an Act of Parliament will have authority over the provincial legislature.  The constitutional court acts as an arbitrator in cases of conflict. Study Unit 4 – Cooperative government This study deals with the relationship between the different spheres of government. 1 List the three spheres of government that make up the Republic of South Africa. (3) National, Provincial and Local. 2 List the three branches of government in the national sphere. (3) Legislative (Parliament), Executive (President & Cabinet) and Judicial (Courts) 3 Is there a difference between the three spheres and three levels of government? Discuss. (6) Yes, the three spheres of government consist of the national, provincial and local spheres, whereas the three levels of government are the legislative, executive and judicial bodies. The three spheres of government each contain their own versions of the three levels. The three spheres aim to split the government into manageable geographical regions, while the three levels aim to control the relationship between the various functions of government and ensuring that the authority of government is not in the hands of one organ. 4 Draw a schematic representation of the legislative authority in the three spheres. (10) NATIONAL PROVINCIAL LOCAL PARLIAMENT PROVINCIAL LEGISLATURE MUNICIPAL COUNCILS NATIONAL ASSEMBLY (elected by pr) (elected by pr) (elected by pr) NATIONAL COUNCIL OF PROVINCES (premier, 3 special delegates, 6 permanent Delegates) 5 Draw a schematic representation of executive authority in the three spheres. (10) NATIONAL PROVINCIAL LOCAL PRESIDENT PREMIER MUNICIPALITIES CABINET EXECUTIVE COUNCIL STATE DEPTS VARIOUS DEPTS 6 What are the primary differences between a divided and integrated model of federalism? (6) A divided model of federalism occurs when the national and provincial government’s responsibilities are clearly divided. The provinces are given independent taxing powers. There are no formal mechanisms for cooperation between the national and provincial levels of government. Provincial interests are not directly represented in national government. An example of this would be the Canada. By contrast an integrated model of federalism is designed to integrate and coordinate national and provincial levels of government. There are few areas in which national government has exclusive power and many powers are shared between national and provincial levels. Revenue and taxing powers are shared. A number of intergovernmental constitutions are responsible for promoting cooperation between the national and provincial governments. An example of this would be Germany. 7 “Simeon says South Africa follows a more integrated form of federalism than a divided one”. Briefly discuss the differences between these two models and list the reasons Simeon gives for his view. (15) A divided model of federalism occurs when the national and provincial government’s responsibilities are clearly divided. The provinces are given independent taxing powers. There are no formal mechanisms for cooperation between the national and provincial levels of government. Provincial interests are not directly represented in national government. An example of this would be the Canada. By contrast an integrated model of federalism is designed to integrate and coordinate national and provincial levels of government. There are few areas in which national government has exclusive power and many powers are shared between national and provincial levels. Revenue and taxing powers are shared. A number of intergovernmental constitutions are responsible for promoting cooperation between the national and provincial governments. An example of this would be Germany. The reasons for Simeon’s statement are the following:  Chapter 3 of the constitution is entitled cooperative government. Section 40 states that government in constituted of national, provincial and local spheres which are distinct, interdependent and interrelated. Section 41 lists principals which government must observe in order to secure good government.  The fact that the constitution refers to spheres, rather than levels of government gives the impression it aims to move away from the traditional hierarchical structure and promote the national, provincial and local spheres as more or less equal partners.  Schedule 4 contains a list of powers that are shared between national and provincial government.  Provinces have limited taxing powers and cannot impose income tax, sales tax or VAT.  Section 41(2) requires an act of parliament to create mechanisms to settle intergovernmental disputes.  Section 41(3) requires an organ of state to make every effort to settle a dispute using all available mechanisms before approaching the courts.  Provincial interests are represented in parliament through the national council of provinces. 8 Discuss the principals of cooperative government as set out in chapter three of the 1996 constitution? (10) Section 40(1) states that government is composed of national, provincial and local spheres which are distinctive, interdependent and interrelated. This statement implies that the national, provincial and local spheres all have their own identity and each have specific legislative and executive responsibilities assigned by the constitution. This can be seen in the national legislature where parliament is made up of the National Assembly and the National council of provinces. Section 41(1) sets out a list of principals which all spheres of government must conform to in order to promote good government. The emphasis on this section is on respect for other spheres and promoting the spirit of cooperation between the various spheres. Section 41(2) requires an act of parliament to create mechanisms to promote and facilitate intergovernmental relations and help settle intergovernmental disputes. Section 41(3) requires an organ of state to make every effort to resolve an intergovernmental dispute using all available mechanisms and only to approach the courts when they have exhausted all other options. Section 41(4) gives the courts permission to hand the matter back to the organ if the requirements of 41(3) have not been met. 9 Given the current disparities between the various provinces, do you think that the notion of cooperative government is compatible with the autonomy of provinces? (6) The model of cooperative government implemented by the constitution is often seen as a hindrance to provincial autonomy. On one hand it can be argued that too much power is concentrated in national governments, which leaves provincial legislation very little power to adopt their own legislation. However on the other hand it can be argued that a strong national government can help the provinces manage their own affairs. The 93 constitution moved from the original 4 provinces to 9 provinces. This resulted in a merger of various provincial administration and administrations of homelands and as a result the many of the provinces have lost their political identity. They also lack the administrative capacity to fulfill their functions. Therefore the identity of the provinces can only be developed within a framework of intergovernmental cooperation. The autonomy of provinces although not complete is defendable in the light of schedule 4 and 5 of the constitution. Schedule 5 lists the legislative powers that are under the control of provincial government and schedule 4 lists the powers where the national and provincial governments share legislative powers. However the national government still ultimately has the power to override the provincial legislature in most respects. 10 Discuss the issue of cooperative government in the light of the Premier of the Western Cape v the President of the Republic of South Africa? (10) Section 40 states that the republic is made up of three spheres the national, provincial and local which are distinctive, interdependent and interrelated. Section 41 lists a number of guidelines to promote cooperation between the various spheres of government. The issue of cooperative government came under the spotlight in the case of Premier of the Western Cape v the President of the Republic of South Africa. In this case parliament had passed an amendment to the Public Service Act which gave the national and provincial heads of departments the same broad functions and responsibilities. The province of the western cape challenged the constitutionality of this amendment on the basis that it violated section 41(1)(g) in three important respects, namely:  It assigned functions to the provincial director general and heads of departments in an unacceptable manner;  It restricted the premiers executive power to establish or abolish departments of government; and  It gave the minister the ability to transfer certain powers from the province to the national level. The issue facing the court was whether the new scheme encroached upon the geographical, functional and institutional integrity of the provincial sphere of government. The court concluded that the new scheme did not violate section 41(1) (g), as:  Section 41(2) allows parliament to enact laws to facilitate the process of cooperative government. The creation of the post of director general was consistent with this section and did not usurp the power of the premier.  The new scheme did not restrict the power of the premier to establish or abolish departments. The scheme only required the premier to confirm the constitutionality of his decision with the president.  The Western Cape province was consulted throughout the whole process.  The new scheme did not in any way limit the powers and functions of the premier.  The new scheme was not enacted in a manner inconsistent with the constitution. 11 Mention 4 examples of institutions designed to facilitate cooperative government. (4)  Intergovernmental Forum which discusses policy at a provincial level  Technical Intergovernmental Committee which assists the IGF  MINMECS established to facilitate harmonization, consultation and joint action in a number of functional areas.  Budget Council, setup by the Intergovernmental Fiscal relations act to promote cooperation between the spheres in terms of fiscal, budgetary and financial matters. Study Unit 5 – Legislative authority (National sphere) This study deals with the source of parliaments powers, the bearers of this authority, how members hold office, the different forms of representation and the one SA opted for. 1 Define legislative authority and state to whom it is vested in the national and provincial spheres of government. (4) Legislative authority is the power to enact, amend or repeal rules of law. In the national sphere it is vested in parliament, which consists of the National Assembly and the National Council of Provinces. In the provincial sphere it is vested in provincial legislature. 2 Parliament consists of two houses. What are they? Discuss the motivation behind this dual structure. (8) Parliament consists of the National Assembly and the National Council of Provinces. The National Assembly is the national component of parliament, whereas the National Council of Provinces is the provincial contingent and aims to ensure the interests of the provinces are taken into account at a national level. The reason for a dual structure is:  It aims to protect the interests of the provinces.  It reduces parliament’s workload.  It promotes more thought and consideration in parliament as normally issues are discussed by both houses. 3 Briefly lists the functions of the following: a) National Assembly b) National Council of Provinces (5) (5) Section 42(3) and 44(1)(a) sets out the functions of the National Assembly.  Representation of the electorate. They represent the people in decision making at a national level.  The election of the president.  Public consideration of issues. This is done through a forum for public debate.  Passing legislation. Their most important function is to debate, amend and approve bills.  Scrutinizing and overseeing executive action.  Can amend the constitution.  Can pass legislation on any matter included in schedule 4 and prohibited from passing legislation on any matter in schedule 5  Assign any legislative power, except changing the constitution to a legislative body in another sphere of government. Section 42(4) and 44(1)(b) sets out the functions of the National Council of Provinces.  Represents the interests of the provinces in the national sphere.  Participation in the national legislative process.  Public consideration of issues affecting the provinces.  They can participate in amending the constitution in accordance with section 74.  They can pass bills concerning any matter in section 4 in accordance with section 76.  To consider any other legislation passed by the National assembly in terms of section 75. 4 Explain the circumstances under which adult citizens may be deprived of their right to vote. Refer to case law in your answer. (10) The right to vote is a fundamental right built into the bill of rights, which is contained in chapter 2 of the constitution. Universal suffrage is a fundamental component of democracy. This issue was scrutinized in the August and another v Electoral Commission and another case. The case concerned the voting rights of prisoners in the 99 election. Even though Prisoners can vote, the electoral commission argued that it did not have sufficient budget to support the logistics required to hold elections at all of the prisons across the country and that this would set a president which would allow other groups such as overseas citizens and people in remote areas to also argue for special treatment.