Exam (elaborations) TEST BANK ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY 4TH EDITION HILLS WYSE ANDERSON

TEST BANK with Complete Questions and Solutions. To clarify, this is the TEST BANK, not the textbook. You get immediate access to download your test bank. You will receive a complete test bank; in other words, all chapters will be there. Test banks come in PDF format; therefore, you do not need specialized software to open them. TEST BANK ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY 4TH EDITION HILLS WYSE ANDERSON Test Bank to accompany Animal Physiology, Fourth Edition Hill • Wyse • Anderson Chapter 1: Animals and Environments: Function on the Ecological Stage TEST BANK QUESTIONS Multiple Choice 1. Which statement about the discipline of physiology is false? a. It is a key discipline for understanding how animals change over Earth’s history. b. It is a key discipline for understanding the fundamental biology of all animals. c. It is a key discipline for understanding human health and disease. d. It is a key discipline for understanding the health and disease of nonhuman animals. Answer: a Textbook Reference: The Importance of Physiology Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 2. To understand how a fish propels itself by applying forces to the water, physiologists would study its a. biomechanics. b. evolution. c. ecology. d. cell physiology. Answer: a Textbook Reference: The Highly Integrative Nature of Physiology Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 3. The data in the graph below would be relevant to which subdiscipline of physiology? © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. a. Evolution b. Cell physiology c. Morphology d. Ecology Answer: d Textbook Reference: The Highly Integrative Nature of Physiology Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 4. In the study of physiology, the term “_______” refers to the components of living animals and the interactions among those components that enable animals to perform as they do. a. feedback b. regulation c. natural selection d. mechanism Answer: d Textbook Reference: Mechanism and Origin: Physiology’s Two Central Questions Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 5. How is the light reaction in the firefly inhibited? a. Mitochondria prevent oxygen from reacting with luciferyl-AMP. b. Nitric oxide combines with oxygen to prevent reaction with luciferyl-AMP. c. ATP is prevented from combining with luciferin. d. Luciferase is prevented from catalyzing the reaction. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Mechanism and Origin: Physiology’s Two Central Questions Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 6. Which of the following is not needed in the mechanism of light production in the firefly? a. Oxygen b. ATP c. Light d. Luciferin Answer: c Textbook Reference: Mechanism and Origin: Physiology’s Two Central Questions Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 7. In the firefly, light is emitted when a. ATP combines with luciferin, forming luciferyl-AMP. b. released nitric oxide blocks the mitochondria’s use of oxygen. c. the electron-excited product of O2 and luciferyl-AMP returns to its ground state. d. luciferase is activated by oxygen. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Mechanism and Origin: Physiology’s Two Central Questions © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 8. Which of the following is considered the “on” switch for the light-emitting reaction of the firefly? a. Oxygen b. Luciferase c. Nitric oxide d. ATP Answer: c Textbook Reference: Mechanism and Origin: Physiology’s Two Central Questions Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 9. A physiological mechanism or other trait that is a product of evolution and is advantageous is called a. an adaptation. b. natural selection. c. adaptive significance. d. evolution. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Mechanism and Origin: Physiology’s Two Central Questions Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 10. What is the adaptive significance of light emission in the firefly? a. Female fireflies emit light in such a way that distinguishes their species. b. All fireflies emit light to lure prey. c. Male fireflies emit light to attract mates. d. Male fireflies emit light to evade predators. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Mechanism and Origin: Physiology’s Two Central Questions Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 11. Which of the following is a similarity between an octopus and a fish? a. The evolutionary adaptation of excellent vision b. The mechanism of vision c. The processing of visual signals before reaching the optic nerve d. The neuroanatomy of the eye Answer: a Textbook Reference: Mechanism and Origin: Physiology’s Two Central Questions Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 12. Research in the field of _______ physiology emphasizes synthesis across levels of biological organization. a. evolutionary b. comparative c. environmental d. integrative © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Answer: d Textbook Reference: This Book’s Approach to Physiology Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 13. Which statement regarding animals is true? a. There is no distinction between an animal and its environment. b. Once adults, animals are structurally static. c. All animals require energy to maintain their organization. d. Body size is significant in the lives of only small animals. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 14. Most cells of an animal a. are exposed to the external environment. b. are exposed to the internal environment. c. fluctuate between exposure to the external environment and the internal environment. d. turn over while being exposed to the internal environment. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 15.–17. Refer to the figures below. 15. Which figure refers to a physiological trait that is regulated by an organism? © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. a. I b. II c. III d. IV Answer: b Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 16. A migrating salmon regulates its internal Cl– concentration, shown in figure _______, while conforming to water temperature, shown in figure _______. a. I; II b. II; I c. II; IV d. I; III Answer: b Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 17. Figure _______ shows an animal’s regulation of its body temperature as the external temperature increases. Figure _______ shows no regulation of its body temperature as external temperature increases. a. I; II b. II; I c. II; IV d. II; III Answer: b Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 18. Which statement regarding physiological conformity and regulation is true? a. All animals will eventually conform. b. Animals are either regulators or conformers. c. An animal cannot be both an ion regulator and a temperature conformer. d. Conforming is more metabolically expensive than regulating. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 19. The functioning of regulatory mechanisms that automatically make adjustments to maintain internal constancy is called a. conformity. b. feedback. c. homeostasis. d. regulation. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Animals © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 20. During childbirth, muscular contractions acting to expel the fetus from the uterus induce hormonal signals that induce even more intense contractions. This is an example of a. homeostasis. b. negative feedback. c. a set point. d. positive feedback. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 21. Physiological changes that occur by alteration of gene frequencies over the course of many generations are referred to as _______ changes. a. acute b. chronic c. evolutionary d. developmental Answer: c Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 22. _______ is an example of “abandoning constancy” during thermoregulation. a. Sweating b. Shivering c. Hibernating d. Huddling Answer: c Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 23. What is the principal advantage of conformity? a. The process requires a large amount of energy. b. It allows cells to maintain a steady state. c. Very little energy is used by this process. d. Cells are subject to changes in their conditions. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 24. Sweating in response to heat is an example of a(n) a. acute change. b. chronic change. c. evolutionary change. d. developmental change. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 25.–26. Refer to the figure below. 25. What type of physiological response does the figure refer to? a. Chronic response b. Acute response c. Evolutionary response d. Developmental response Answer: a Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 26. If the heat exposure were removed, the line in the diagram would a. continue to show a plateau. b. drop sharply. c. gradually drop to its initial starting point. d. drop but be maintained somewhere at the middle level. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 27. Which response is the longest lasting? a. Acute response b. Chronic response c. Evolutionary response d. Developmental response Answer: c © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 28. Rainbow trout captured and brought into a lab aquarium undergo a chronic adjustment to the conditions in the lab. This process is called a. phenotypic plasticity. b. feedback inhibition. c. acclimatization. d. acclimation. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 29.–31. Refer to the figure below. 29. What statistical method was used to draw the trend line in the figure? a. Phylogenetically independent contrasts b. Ordinary least squares regression c. Weight-specific mean d. Logarithmic scaling Answer: b Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 30. According to the figure, what is the expected gestation period of a warthog? a. 20 weeks © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. b. 24 weeks c. 30 weeks d. 55 weeks Answer: c Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 31. Which species in the figure shows an actual gestation period that is furthest from its expected gestation period? a. Bushbuck b. Dikdik c. Warthog d. Mountain zebra Answer: d Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 32. Which statement regarding the Antarctic fish species rock cod is false? a. Some species have no hemoglobin. b. The fish metabolically synthesize antifreeze to keep from freezing. c. The fish live their entire lives at body temperatures near –1.6°C. d. If acclimated slowly enough, the fish can survive in tropical waters. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Environments Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 33. _______ can tolerate a body temperature of _______, one of the highest body temperatures recorded for any vertebrate animal. a. Humans; 50°C b. Thermophilic archaea; 100°C c. The desert iguana; 48.5°C d. Sea stars; 45.5°C Answer: c Textbook Reference: Environments Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 34.–35. Refer to the figure below. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 34. This figure shows that a. the number of butterfly species increases as one moves toward the equator. b. butterfly populations are larger near the equator than at any other latitude. c. the number of butterfly species increases as latitude increases. d. the butterfly population increases as latitude increases. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Environments Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 35. The environmental factor that is most responsible for the data shown in the figure is a. sunlight. b. food. c. temperature. d. water. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Environments Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 36. In which habitat would O2 concentration most likely be the lowest? a. A subnivean air space b. An open meadow at 4000 m elevation c. The bottom of a waterfall © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. d. Pond water with a lot of algae Answer: d Textbook Reference: Environments Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 37. At altitudes above _______ m, people often find simply walking uphill to be a significant challenge. a. 5000 b. 6500 c. 9000 d. 10,000 Answer: b Textbook Reference: Environments Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 38. In order to obtain O2, water-breathers face a substantially greater challenge compared to air-breathers. Which of the following is not a reason for this difference? a. Water contains less O2 per liter than air does. b. Water is denser than air. c. Water can become anoxic more readily than air can. d. Oxygen diffuses more slowly across respiratory surfaces in water than in air. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Environments Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 39. Most invertebrates that live in the ocean, such as sea stars and corals, a. tend to lose water via osmosis. b. must drink water. c. must actively excrete water. d. do not gain or lose much water. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Environments Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 40. Which animal osmotically gains the most water per gram on a daily basis? a. Sea star b. Goldfish c. Coral d. Reef fish Answer: b Textbook Reference: Environments Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 41. Certain _______ can tolerate almost complete desiccation. a. toads b. tardigrades © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. c. marine bony fish d. goldfish Answer: b Textbook Reference: Environments Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 42. The subnivean air space is an example of a(n) a. microenvironment. b. desert burrow. c. hibernating area. d. anoxic environment. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Environments Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 43. Which process most likely leads to adaptive evolution? a. Natural selection b. Genetic drift c. Bottlenecks d. Pleiotropy Answer: a Textbook Reference: Evolutionary Processes Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 44. Which observation best demonstrates the process of evolution? a. The increased presence of a trait favored by natural selection b. A change of gene frequencies over time c. The shifting of gene frequencies in a population because of random events d. The change in an animal’s phenotype in response to environmental change Answer: b Textbook Reference: Evolutionary Processes Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 45. The shift in gene frequencies in smaller populations because of random deaths is referred to as a. evolution. b. nonadaptive evolution. c. genetic drift. d. pleiotropy. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Evolutionary Processes Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 46. Because of _______, populations of the mosquito Culex pipiens are experiencing increased resistance to organophosphates and _______ in areas where organophosphates are sprayed. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. a. pleiotropy; reduced cold tolerance b. maladaptation; all other insecticides c. nonadaptive evolution; accelerated larval developmental stages d. natural selection; altered sex ratios Answer: a Textbook Reference: Evolutionary Processes Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 47. Which conclusion was not made from the seminal 1979 paper by Gould and Lewontin? a. Natural selection in the present environment is just one of several processes by which a species may come to exhibit a trait. b. When physiologists refer to a trait as an adaptation, they are making a hypothesis that natural selection has occurred. c. Data must be gathered in order to assess whether adaptation is likely to have occurred. d. Indirect evidence cannot be used to support the hypothesis of adaptation. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Evolutionary Processes Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 48. Which method is based on the premise that although we cannot see evolution that occurred in the past, the many kinds of animals alive today provide us with many examples of outcomes of evolution, and patterns we identify in these outcomes may provide insights into processes that occurred long ago? a. Studies of laboratory populations over many generations b. The adaptation method c. Phylogenetic reconstruction d. The comparative method Answer: d Textbook Reference: Evolutionary Processes Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 49. Which technique for the study of adaptation was used to generate the data shown in the figure below? © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. a. Studies of laboratory populations over many generations b. Single-generation studies of individual variation c. Creation of variation for study d. Studies of genetic structures of natural populations Answer: b Textbook Reference: Evolutionary Processes Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 50. The raw material(s) for evolution is(are) a. trait variation. b. natural selection. c. clines. d. alleles. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Evolutionary Processes Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 51.–53. Refer to the figure below. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 51. What is the best caption for this figure? a. Variation in O2 consumption. b. Individual variation in maximum rate of O2 consumption. c. Mean maximum rate of O2 consumption. d. Range of maximum rate of O2 consumption. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Individual Variation and the Question of “Personalities” within a Population Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 52. Assuming the trait measured in this figure is heritable, a. there can be no basis for natural selection to act on this trait. b. there is no variation from which natural selection can act on this trait. c. natural selection acts on the individuals with extreme trait measurements. d. the variation provides the raw material for natural selection. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Individual Variation and the Question of “Personalities” within a Population Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 53. Statistically speaking, an elite weight lifter would be likely to have a maximum rate of O2 consumption a. mostly at the extreme low end of the distribution. b. mostly at the extreme high end of the distribution. c. in the average range to the lower end of the distribution. d. in the average range to the higher end of the distribution. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Individual Variation and the Question of “Personalities” within a Population © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying Short Answer 1. Using the firefly as an example, explain physiology’s two central questions—mechanism and origin. Answer: The firefly emits a flash of light from its abdomen. The process inside the animal that results in this event is the mechanism. That is, the brain sends nerve impulses that cause the light cells to become bathed with nitric oxide, resulting in the production of excited electrons through the reaction of O2 with luciferyl-AMP. However, this explanation of the mechanism does not explain the evolutionary origin of the trait. In this case, evidence suggests that the firefly produces light for mate attraction. Textbook Reference: Mechanism and Origin: Physiology’s Two Central Questions Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 2. Compare and contrast adaptation and natural selection. Answer: Adaptation and natural selection are both concepts of evolution. Natural selection is a main process by which evolution occurs. It is the increase of gene frequencies that produce phenotypes that raises the likelihood that animals will survive and reproduce. An adaptation refers to the mechanism or trait that is the product of evolution by natural selection. Textbook Reference: Mechanism and Origin: Physiology’s Two Central Questions Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 3. Describe three of the subdisciplines of animal physiology. Answer: Mechanistic physiology emphasizes the study of mechanism. Evolutionary physiology emphasizes the study of evolutionary origins. Comparative physiology is the synthetic study of the function of all animals. Environmental physiology studies how animals respond physiologically to environmental conditions and challenges. Integrative physiology is a synthetic investigation of all levels of biological organization. Textbook Reference: This Book’s Approach to Physiology Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 4. Compare and contrast conformity and regulation, including the advantages and disadvantages of each. Answer: Conformity and regulation are responses of animals to changing environmental conditions. An animal that permits its internal conditions to be equal to those of the external environment is exhibiting conformity. Conformity has some energy-saving advantages, although the cells of the animal can be exposed to potentially widely varying conditions. An animal that maintains its internal conditions while external conditions change is exhibiting regulation. The advantage of regulation is internal consistency, although there is a trade-off in terms of increased energy expenditure. Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 5. Which of the five time frames in which physiology changes is represented by phenotypic plasticity? Give an example. Answer: Phenotypic plasticity refers to the chronic, reversible physiologic changes of acclimation and acclimatization. For example, as temperatures become colder in the winter, the fur on arctic hares becomes thicker and whiter. Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 6. What is the importance of body size in the study of animal physiology? Answer: Body size is important in the study of animal physiology because many physiological measurements are affected by body size. Gestation period in mammals, for example, increases in a predictable manner with body size. Metabolic rate and other factors related to metabolic rate also correlate with body size. If body size is not taken into account for certain measurements, this factor may produce most of the variation in the data collected and mask other factors. Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 7. A water temperature of 6°C can be lethal for both tropical fish and Antarctic fish—explain. Answer: Not all fish species are able to survive at all water temperatures, even if given years to acclimate. Most tropical fish will die if cooled (even slowly) to 6°C. In contrast, Antarctic fish species have evolved for millions of years at –1.9°C, and even slowly warming them to 6°C will kill them. Textbook Reference: Environments Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 8. Describe how the density layering of water can create anoxic zones. Answer: Warmer water is less dense than colder water. During summer months, the water on the surface of lakes and ponds gets warmed and stays on the top for the duration of the summer, with little mixing. This leaves a colder, stagnant, bottom layer of water that will slowly lose oxygen because the microbes deplete the dissolved oxygen. Textbook Reference: Environments Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 9. Explain how adaptive and nonadaptive processes can contribute to evolution. Answer: Adaptive processes are the processes of natural selection that result in traits that provide advantages in a population. Nonadaptive evolution includes processes by which less-adaptable alleles may persist in a population. A trait may persist because of chance (genetic drift), or because it is related to another favored trait (pleiotropy), or because it was once advantageous and has not been selected against. Textbook Reference: Evolutionary Processes Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 10. Explain the statement: “A trait is not an adaptation merely because it exists.” © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Answer: Not all traits are evolutionary adaptations that confer an advantage. Traits can exist because of evolutionary drift and other forms of nonadaptive evolution. Even a trait that appears to be beneficial is not necessarily an evolutionary adaptation. As Gould and Lewontin point out, in order to call a trait adaptive, one must provide empirical evidence that the trait is an adaptation. Textbook Reference: Evolutionary Processes Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding ONLINE QUIZ QUESTIONS 1. Which statement regarding the discipline of physiology is false? a. Physiologists study how animals work. b. Physiology is a key discipline for understanding the fundamental biology of all animals. c. Physiology is a key discipline for understanding the health and disease of nonhuman animals. d. Physiology is a key discipline for understanding the social context of human disease. Answer: d Textbook Reference: The Importance of Physiology Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 2. Which of the following is an example of a possible physiological effect a river dam could impose on migrating Pacific salmon? a. It could completely block the salmon’s migration. b. The salmon may get past the dam, but their efforts cost them too much energy. c. The salmon may get past the dam, but subsequent navigation may be impaired. d. It could slow the salmon, making them more vulnerable to predation. Answer: b Textbook Reference: The Highly Integrative Nature of Physiology Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 3. Which statement regarding fish gills best approximates the description of a mechanism? a. Freshwater fish use ATP to pump ions inward across the gill membrane. b. Fish with more gill surface area have an advantage in hypoxic water. c. Gills evolved as an organ to extract oxygen from the water. d. The larger the fish, the larger the gill surface area must be to support its metabolism. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Mechanism and Origin: Physiology’s Two Central Questions Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 4. Populations of one salmon species differ genetically, and this difference increases as the physical distance between the populations increases. This statement refers to the study of which level of organization? © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. a. Systems physiology b. Morphology c. Ecology d. Evolution Answer: d Textbook Reference: Mechanism and Origin: Physiology’s Two Central Questions Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 5. Which is the most accurate description of the mechanism of the light-emitting reaction in the firefly? a. Oxygen reacts with luciferin to produce light. b. Oxygen reacts with luciferyl-AMP to produce light. c. Nitric oxide reacts with luciferin to produce light. d. Nitric oxide reacts with luciferyl-AMP to produce light. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Mechanism and Origin: Physiology’s Two Central Questions Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 6. The increase in frequency of genes that produce phenotypes that raise the likelihood that an animal will survive and reproduce is called a. feedback. b. adaptive significance. c. natural selection. d. adaptation. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Mechanism and Origin: Physiology’s Two Central Questions Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 7. Which statement regarding fish eyes and octopus eyes is most accurate? a. They are similar in gross appearance and functional performance but differ in their adaptive significance and mechanisms. b. They are similar in gross appearance, functional performance, and adaptive significance but differ in their mechanisms. c. They are similar in gross appearance, functional performance, adaptive significance, and mechanism. d. They differ in gross appearance, functional performance, and adaptive significance, but are similar in their mechanisms. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Mechanism and Origin: Physiology’s Two Central Questions Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 8. If an animal permits internal and external conditions to be equal, it is said to show