Exam (elaborations) TEST BANK FOR PSYCHOLOGY 4TH EDITION DANIEL SCHATER

TEST BANK with Complete Questions and Solutions. To clarify, this is the TEST BANK, not the textbook. You get immediate access to download your test bank. You will receive a complete test bank; in other words, all chapters will be there. Test banks come in PDF format; therefore, you do not need specialized software to open them. TEST BANK FOR PSYCHOLOGY 4TH EDITION DANIEL SCHATER I. Psychology is the scientific study of: A) mind and body. B) mind and behaviour. C) mood and behaviour. D) mood and body. 2. Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behaviour. Behaviour refers to: A) perceptions, thoughts, memories, and feelings. B) explanations. C) urges. D) observable actions of humans and nonhuman animals. 3. Today, psychologists believe that mental processes: A) arise from electrical and chemical activities of the brain. B) arise from a nonphysical mind interacting with the pineal gland in the brain. C) are not proper subject matter for science research. D) usually are not adaptive in helping us function effectively in the world. 4. Today, most psychologists would agree with which statement concerning mental processes? A) The scientific method cannot be applied to mental processes. B) Mental processes are nonphysical entities that control the brain and body. C) Mental processes arise from brain functioning. D) Mental processes are the only subject matter worthy of study in psychology. 5. Using __ , Krings et al. (2000) demonstrated that the brains of professional piano players were __ active than novice players when both groups made finger movements like those involved in piano play. A) fMRl; more B) tMRl; less C) CT scans; more D) CT scans; less 6. The case of Elliot, as documented by Damasio ( 1994), suggests that: A) cognitive functioning can be severely impaired while emotion remains unaffected. B) emotions usually interfere with adaptive behaviour. Page I Test bank for Psychology 4th Edition by Daniel L. Schacter C) even negative emotions such as anxiety and sorrow have adaptive functions. D) emotion and intelligence share a common neural substrate. 7. William James (1890) believed that the influence of _ could help explain absentmindedness. A) habit B) sleep deprivation C) emotions D) personality 8. Which is the primary reason why modern psychologists study lapses, errors, and mistakes in behaviour and cognition? A) They are more intriguing than normal psychological functioning. B) They allow us to learn about the normal operations of mental life and behaviour. C) They provide a window into the sexual urges of the unconscious. D) They vividly illustrate the fact that most psychological functioning is not adaptive. 9. The early roots of psychology are firmly planted in physiology and in: A) anatomy. B) logic. C) dualism. D) philosophy. IO. Some early philosophers believed that certain kinds of knowledge were innate or inborn, a theory known as: A) functionalism. B) nativism. C) philosophical empiricism. D) structuralism. 11. Which early philosopher was interested in certain kinds of knowledge as being innate or inborn? A) Hippocrates B) Plato C) Aristotle D) Descartes Page2 Test bank for Psychology 4th Edition by Daniel L. Schacter 12. The older position of nativism is reflected in psychological views that emphasize the effect of on behaviour. A) nurture B) intuition C) schemas D) nature 13. Plato is to as Aristotle is to A) philosophical structuralism; nativism B) nativism; philosophical empiricism C) nativism; dualism D) dualism; nativism 14. Nature is to nurture as nativism is to: A) experience. B) adaptation. C) behaviourism. D) phrenology. 15. Some early philosophers believed that all knowledge was acquired through experience, an idea now known as: A) functionalism. B) philosophical empiricism. C) structuralism. D) nativism. 16. The notion that the mind at birth is a tabula rasa is consistent with the views of: A) Plato. B) Descartes. C) Aristotle. D) Gall. 17. The fact that very young children almost universally master the basics of language without formal training is most consistent. with: A) Plato's nativism. B) Gall's phrenology. C) Aristotle's philosophical empiricism. D) Locke's tabula rasa. Page 3 Test bank for Psychology 4th Edition by Daniel L. Schacter l8. The major limitation of the works of the classical Greek philosophers to an understanding of human behaviour is that: A) much of these works remains lost to history. B) differences among translations have fueled misunderstanding and debate. C) the works tended to underestimate the role of nurture in shaping human behaviour. D) these philosophers did not develop ways to test their theories. l9. __ believed that the mind and body are different from each other, and linked by the pineal gland. A) Gall. B) Hobbes. C) Descartes. D) Aristotle. 20. Descartes believed that the mind influences the body through the: A) pituitary gland. B) hippocampus. C) prefrontal cortex. D) pineal gland. 21. A spiritual leader believes that the soul and the body are fundamentally different from each other, but are linked via a special structure in the brain. His beliefs are similar to those of: A) Gall. B) Descartes. C) Hobbes. D) Broca. 22. The modem view that the subjective experience of having a mind is the result of brain activity can be traced to which philosopher? A) Hobbes B) Plato C) Descartes D) James 23. The problem of dualism refers to how: A) different areas in the brain control different types of behaviour and cognition. B) mental activity can be reconciled and coordinated with physical behaviour. Page4 Test bank for Psychology 4th Edition by Daniel L. Schacter C) brain activity produces consciousness. D) both genetic and environmental factors influence human behaviour. 24. Phrenology suggested that specific mental abilities and characteristics were located in specific regions of the brain. It was developed by: A) Descartes. B) Flourens. C) Gall. D) Broca. 25. Dr. Quack touches specific bumps on a patient's skull and then indicates specific character traits for the patient, for example, "This patient is cautious." Dr. Quack is engaging in: A) structuralism. B) phrenology. C) mesmensm. D) psychoanalysis. 26. After suffering a stroke, Lisa was able to understand what people said to her but was unable to speak to them. The stroke probably damaged her: A) pineal gland. B) Broca's area. C) hippocampus. D) temporal lobe. 27. The research ofFlourens and Broca: A) established phrenology as a true science. B) confirmed Descartes' belief that the mind and body were linked via the pineal gland. C) is consistent with the view of the mind held by Thomas Hobbes. D) demonstrated that mental processes can occur independently of brain activity. 28. The study of biological processes, especially those of the human body, is called: A) psychology. B) anatomy. C) phrenology. D) physiology. Page 5 Test bank for Psychology 4th Edition by Daniel L. Schacter 29. Penny wanted to find out how long it would take her sister Cathy to remove her finger from the flame of a lighted match. Penny is studying what type of process? A) classical conditioning B) introspection C) reaction time D) stimulus time 30. Hermann von Helmholtz is most remembered for: A) debunking phrenology. B) opening the fost laboratory to conduct purely psychological experiments. C) being the first to measure the speed of a nervous impulse. D) discovering the relation between emotion and the amygdala. 31. An acupuncturist asks you to respond as soon as you feel a pinprick as she stimulates your upper thigh, hamstring, calf, and foot with a needle. Based on Helmholtz's research, you will react most quickly when the __ is stimulated. A) upper thigh B) hamstring C) calf D) foot 32. Hermann von Helmholtz is to as Wilhelm Wundt is to A) phrenology; functionalism B) reaction time; structuralism C) reaction time; functionalism D) phrenology; structuralism 33. Historians generally credit the emergence of psychology as a science to: A) Wundt. B) Helmholtz. C) Watson. D) Titchener. 34. The first laboratory devoted exclusively to psychology as an independent field of study opened in: A) Paris in 1859. B) Leipzig in 1879. C) Berlin in 1889. D) Cornell University in 1909. Page 6 Test bank for Psychology 4th Edition by Daniel L. Schacter 35. Wundt believed that scientific psychology should focus on analyzing the basic elements comprising consciousness, an approach he called: A) functionalism. B) psychoanalysis. C) structuralism. D) dualism. 36. The analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind is: A) psychoanalysis. B) functionalism. C) structuralism. D) consciousness. 37. A person's subjective experience of the world and the mind is: A) empiricism. B) dualism. C) structuralism. D) consciousness. 38. What technique did psychologists who studied structuralism use? A) conditioning B) introspection C) psychoanalysis D) hypnosis 39. Presented with a stimulus, student observers in Wundt's lab were asked to report on their "raw" sensory experience, a technique known as: A) inspection. B) circumspection. C) retrospection. D) introspection. 40. A participant seated in an otherwise dark room stares at the flickering of a lit candle and reports on her subjective experiences, such as the visual experience of the candle flickering and the hepatic sensation of warmth. The psychologist conducting this experiment is most likely to be and the method being used is __ . A) Wundt; psychoanalysis Page 7 Test bank for Psychology 4th Edition by Daniel L. Schacter B) Wundt; introspection C) James; functionalism D) Titchener; functionalism 4 I. In one experiment, Wundt instructed participants in one group to concentrate on perceiving a tone when it sounded before pressing a button. Participants in another group were simply instructed to press the button as soon as the tone sounded. Wundt found that participants in the fust group responded slightly more slowly. T experiment was designed to distinguish between: A) the sensation and perception of a stimulus. B) reaction time and accuracy. C) the perception and interpretation of a stimulus. D) the sensation of a stimulus and reaction time. 42. Which psychologist established the structuralism school of psychology in the United States? A) John Watson B) Edward Titchener C) G. Stanley Hall D) William James 43. Edward Titchener is known for: A) establishing structuralism in the United States. B) writing a devastating critique of the functionalist works of John Watson. C) establishing the behaviourist concentration within psychology. D) writing Beyond Freedom and Dignity. 44. Whereas Wundt was interested in the relationship between the elements of consciousness, Titchener was interested in identifying the: A) basic elements themselves. B) functional value of those elements. C) behavioural correlates of those elements. D) cross-cultural differences in those elemental relationships. 45. The unpredictable nature of results from introspection contributed to the decline of: A) empiricism. B) functionalism. C) humanism. D) structuralism. Page 8 Test bank for Psychology 4th Edition by Daniel L. Schacter 46. The major reason why structuralism ultimately failed as a school of psychology was that: A) by associating itself with Darwin it drew harsh criticism from some religious authorities. B) there was no evidence suggesting that Freud's theories were accurate. C) the methods used by structuralists did not produce replicable observations. D) it denied the existence of the mind. 47. William James was a noted: A) structuralist. B) behaviourist. C) functionalist. D) empiricist. 48. The study of the purpose mental processes serve in enabling us to adapt to our environment is called: A) structuralism. B) social Darwinism. C) functionalism. D) behaviourism. 49. William James is to as Wilhelm Wundt is to A) functionalism; behaviourism B) functionalism; structuralism C) structuralism; behaviourism D) structuralism; functionalism 50. Which school of psychology was most concerned with the adaptive importance of mental processes? A) structuralism B) functionalism C) behaviourism D) empmc1sm 51. William James's school of functionalism was most influenced by the works of: A) B. F. Skinner. B) Wilhelm Wundt. Page 9 Test bank for Psychology 4th Edition by Daniel L. Schacter C) Charles Darwin. D) Rene Descartes. 52. William James viewed consciousness as similar to: A) a flowing stream. B) the parts of an atom. C) an explanatory fiction. D) the parts of a clock. 53. The functionalist approach was MOST influenced by the theory of: A) phrenology. B) nativism. C) natural selection. D) psychodynamics. 54. Research participants are asked to rotate a three-dimensional object in their minds. William James would be MOST interested in which research question? A) What are the subjective experiences of the participants as they do this task? B) In what ways does the ability to manipulate objects in the mind aid problem solving in the real world? C) At what age does this ability develop? D) What are the unconscious processes underlying this task? 55. Studies have demonstrated that we attend to only a fraction of the sensory information that the brain receives. Based on this information, William James would be MOST interested in which research question? A) What are the basic elements of sensory information? B) Do unattended sensory experiences exist in the unconscious? C) Will more information be perceived if participants are reinforced by cash incentives for better attention? D) Why might it be advantageous for the mind to filter out most sensory information? 56. Wundt argued that James's approach to psychology was flawed because James: A) relied too much on introspection as a research method. B) did not conduct much laboratory research. C) unnecessarily constrained his research to observable behaviour. D) advocated a theory inconsistent with the tenets of natural selection. Page 10 Test bank for Psychology 4th Edition by Daniel L. Schacter 57. G. Stanley Hall is to __ as __ is to Wilhelm Wundt. A) William James; Charles Darwin B) William James; Edward Titchener C) Edward Titchener; Charles Darwin D) Hermann von Helmholtz; William James 58. Who opened the first psychological laboratory in North America? A) G. Stanley Hall B) William James C) John Watson D) Wilhelm Wundt 59. G. Stanley Hall is known for his contributions in the research areas of: A) language and memory. B) sensation and perception. C) development and education. D) reinforcement and punishment. 60. Which accomplishment was G. Stanley Hall NOT the first to achieve? A) open a psychological laboratory in the United States B) establish an empirical journal devoted to publishing psychological research C) establish a professional association for psychologists D) measure the speed of a nervous impulse 61. In the late 1800s, a temporary loss of cognitive or motor function, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences, was termed: A) agoraphobia. B) hysteria. C) neurosis. D) generalized anxiety. 62. In the late 1800s, Charcot and Janet noted that symptoms of hysteria were eliminated when patients: A) were paid for not exhibiting those symptoms. B) received electroconvuJsive shock therapy. C) were hypnotized. D) introspected on the causes of their hysteria. Page 11 Test bank for Psychology 4th Edition by Daniel L. Schacter 63. Freud emphasized that the problems of many patients could be traced to: A) effects of painful childhood experiences that could not be remembered. B) "mind bugs," or curious failures of otherwise adaptive cognitive processes. C) feelings of shame and inadequacy acquired during adolescent sexual development. D) maladaptive patterns of behaviour that could be observed during infancy. 64. Sigmund Freud is to Edward Titchener as __ is (are) to __ . A) the elements of the unconscious; the elements of consciousness B) psychoanalysis; behaviourism C) empiricism; structuralism D) structuralism; functionalism 65. Freud termed the __ as the part of the mind that operates outside of conscious awareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings, and actions. A) preconscious B) unconscious C) self-conscious D) subconscious 66. The theory that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviours is called: A) Gestalt theory. B) structuralism. C) functionalism. D) psychoanalytic theory. 67. Carrie is working witlh a patient to uncover the patient's early experiences as well as trying to bring unconscious anxieties and conflicts into awareness. Carrie is using which approach to work with her patient? A) cognitive B) psychoanalytical C) Gestalt D) humanistic 68. Psychoanalysis focuses on: A) the adaptability of certain psychological disorders. B) deconstructing consciousness into its component parts. C) bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness. D) ways to banish anxiety into the unconscious. Page 12 Test bank for Psychology 4th Edition by Daniel L. Schacter 69. Which psychologist was NOT part of the psychoanalytic movement? A) Sigmund Freud B) Alfred Adler C) Carl Jung D) Carl Rogers 70. Psychoanalysis became quite controversial in American culture because it: A) proposed that behaviour was governed, in part, by unconscious sexual desires. B) lacked empirical support for its effectiveness. C) denied the existence of the mind and human free will. D) focused only on observable behaviour and ignored the role of cognition. 71. Within psychology, psychoanalysis had its greatest influence on: A) cognitive psychology. B) clinical practice. C) developmental psychology. D) social psychology. 72. Which statement is NOT a reason why psychoanalysis gradually lost influence within psychology? A) It failed to advance from a theory to a clinical practice. B) Its themes of unconscious sexual motivations were too risque for scientific discussion. C) Freud's theories were difficult to test. D) There was a rise of humanistic psychologists who opposed Freud's pessimistic view of humaniil:y 73. Freud's view of human nature was largely __ , whereas the view of humanistic psychologists was largely __ . A) objective; subjective B) optimistic; pessimistic C) negative; positive D) positive; negative 74. A psychological approach that stressed a person's potential for positive growth was developed by: A) Freud and Jung. Page 13 Test bank for Psychology 4th Edition by Daniel L. Schacter B) Skinner and Watson. C) Rogers and Maslow D) Gall and Broca. 75. The branch of psychology that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings is called: A) humanistic. B) Gestalt. C) cognitive. D) idealistic. 76. Mariah is a teacher and believes that all her students have an inherent need to develop, grow, and reach their full potential. Mariah's beliefs are best characterized by which approach? A) social-cultural B) behaviourism C) psychoanalysis D) humanistic 77. The term " patient" is to psychoanalysis as the term "client" is to: A) cognition. B) behaviourism. C) humanism. D) functionalism. 78. An approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behaviour is called: A) objectivism. B) behaviourism. C) absolutism. D) relativism. 79. __ is described as the scientific study of objectively observable behaviour. A) Functionalism B) Structuralism C) Behaviourism D) Psychoanalysis Page 14 Test bank for Psychology 4th Edition by Daniel L. Schacter 80. In terms of its subject matter for analysis, which school of psychology most differs from the others? A) structuralism B) functionalism C) psychoanalysis D) behaviourism 81. "You don't know what she thinks, but you know how she acts." This statement characterizes which approach? A) psychoanalysis B) humanism C) behaviourism D) Gestalt 82. William James is to as John Watson is to A) functionalism; behaviourism B) functionalism; structuralism C) structuralism; behaviourism D) structuralism; functionalism 83. Watson criticized the introspective methods of the structuralists and functionalists primarily because: A) the use of these methods necessitated a belief in the existence of mental events. B) introspection cannot produce replicable and objective measures required by science. C) the stimulus-response introspective model was overly simplistic. D) reaction time was an unreliable dependent measure. 84. "The goal of scientific psychology should be to predict and control behaviour that benefits society." This statement is associated with which psychologist? A) Freud B) Washburn C) Watson D) Rogers 85. According to John Watson, the goal of a scientific psychology was to: A) predict and control behaviour. B) understand both the structure and function of consciousness. C) determine the neural mechanisms underlying behaviour and thought. Page 15 Test bank for Psychology 4th Edition by Daniel L. Schacter D) ease psychological distress and help people reach their fullest potential. 86. Who was the first woman to receive a PhD degree in psychology? A) Rosalie Rayner B) Anna Freud C) Margaret Floy Washburn D) Mary Whiton Calkins 87. The work of animal behaviour specialist Margaret Washburn was: A) warmly received by John Watson for thoroughly describing animals' perceptual and memory processes. B) critical to the development of the theories ofB. F. Skinner. C) instrumental to Ivan Pavlov's research on conditioning. D) intellectually attacked by John Watson for ascribing conscious mental experiences to animals. 88. Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, is best known for his experiments: A) conditioning a salivation response in dogs to environmental stimuli. B) measuring the speed at which a bell can be perceived in a dog's auditory cortex. C) demonstrating the effectiveness of positive reinforcement in dogs. D) investigating salivation in dogs when the olfactory bulb is surgically removed. 89. In Pavlov's research, a tone was sounded prior to delivering food to hungry dogs. A a number of trials, what did Pavlov notice? A) The dogs salivated prior to the tone being sounded. B) The dogs salivated to the sound of the tone alone. C) The dogs salivated only after the food was presented. D) The dogs began doing spontaneous tricks as soon as the tone sounded. 90. In Pavlov's research, the sound of a tone was a __ for salivating. A) stimulus B) response C) construal D) reinforcer 91. In Pavlov's research, dogs' salivation is an example of a: A) stimulus B) response Page 16 Test bank for Psychology 4th Edition by Daniel L. Schacter C) construal of a stimulus D) reinforcer 92. If you are having trouble finding your cat, you may try shaking the can that contains its treats. The sound of the treats as you shake the can would be a: A) response. B) stimulus. C) stimulus- response relation. D) reinforcer. 93. The behaviourism of John Watson has been described as __ psychology. A) animal B) stimulus- response C) subjective D) humanistic 94. Response is to stimulus as the: A) firing of a gun at the start of the race is to running. B) scurrying of a white rat at his feet is to fear in Little Albert. C) pressing of the brakes is to a red traffic light. D) ringing of the alarm clock is to rolling out of bed. 95. Who conditioned a fear of a harmless white rat in "Little Albert"? A) Ivan Pavlov B) Sigmund Freud C) B. F. Skinner D) John Watson 96. Every time friendly dogs approach her toddler at the park, a very overprotective parent whisks her son away and yells "Stay away from the dog!" After a few of these experiences, the toddler starts crying at the mere sight of dogs. The parent has unknowingly replicated the classic research of which psychologist? A) Ivan Pavlov B) Margaret Floy Washburn C) B. F. Skinner D) John Watson Page 17 Test bank for Psychology 4th Edition by Daniel L. Schacter 97. Which statement about John Watson is correct? A) He completely denied the existence of mental events. B) He denied that genetic factors influence behaviour. C) He believed that environmental factors were the most important influences on behaviour. D) He believed that nature was more important than nurture in determining behaviour. 98. William James is to as John Watson is to A) Charles Darwin; Ivan Pavlov B) Wilhelm Wundt; B. F. Skinner C) Edward Titchener; Rosalie Rayner D) B. F. Skinner; Margaret Floy Washburn 99. Leslie thinks that we learn to act in certain ways because of the consequences of our behaviour. Her belief is probably influenced by the findings of: A) William James. B) Sigmund Freud_ C) B. F. Skinner. D) Abraham Maslow. 100. The behaviour studied by Ivan Pavlov can be described as __ ; whereas the behaviour studied by B. F. Skinner can be described as __ . A) passive; active B) purposeful; controllable C) subjective; objective D) reinforced; triggered 101. Who invented a conditioning chamber in which rats pressed levers to earn food rewards? A) Ivan Pavlov B) B. F. Skinner C) John Watson D) G. Stanley Hall I 02. A husband and wife observe a toddler throwing a temper tantrum at a toy store. The husband comments under his breath, "What an annoying little beast!" His wife, noticing that the mother of the toddler just gave the boy a toy to calm him down, states "Ies not his fault. He's behaving exactly as __ would predict." A) William James Page 18 Test bank for Psychology 4th Edition by Daniel L. Schacter B) B. F. Skinner C) I van Pavlov D) John Watson 103. When 4-year-old Isabel hears the sound of the ice cream truck's music, she runs outside in hopes of getting another ice cream bar. The ice cream bar is a __ running outside when she hears the music. A) response to B) stimulus eliciting C) reinforcement for D) construal triggering 104. Sandy's children would accidentally drop pieces of food under the table during family dinners, so Sandy's dlog, Lola, learned to sit under the dinner table as a good place to receive food. Lola's behaviour has been influenced by: A) consciousness. B) reinforcement. C) punishment. D) reaction time. 105. Which scenario represents the principle of reinforcement? A) doing the same thing over and over again regardless of the consequences B) blinking when a particle lands in your eye C) studying hard because it results in good grades D) introspecting about a pleasurable experience in your life 106. John Watson was interested in how __ behaviour, and B. F. Skinner focused on how __ control(s) behaviour. A) reinforcers strengthen; free will B) emotions trigger; reinforcers C) stimuli produce; mental processes D) stimuli elicit; consequences 107. In his best-selling book, Beyond Freedom and Dignity, __ argued that behaviour is determined by its consequences and that free will is an illusion. A) Abraham Maslow B) B. F. Skinner C) I van Pavlov D) Carl Rogers Page 19 Test bank for Psychology 4th Edition by Daniel L. Schacter 108. ln his best-selling book, Beyond Freedom and Dignity, B. F. Skinner argued that behaviour is: A) an outcome of the innate capacity of persons to choose freely. B) partly the result of a limited free will that has evolved as a result of natural selection. C) completely determined by genetic factors and free will is an illusion. D) determined largely by its consequences and free will is an illusion. 109. Beginning in the 1950s, behaviourism began to receive intense criticism. Which statement is NOT one of the criticisms against behaviourism? A) It ignores the mental processes underlying behaviour. B) It uses subjective measures in its research. C) It ignores the role of evolutionary history on behaviour. D) It presents an inadequate account of language development. 110. Errors of perception, memory, or judgment in which subjective experience differs from objective reality are called: A) memory lapses. B) Gestalts. C) Freudian slips. D) illusions. 111. When you go to a movie theatre that uses film projection, you might see the fast movement of a superhero flying through the air. What you are really seeing is a series of still photographs flashed quickly onto the screen. What area of psychology studied this phenomenon? A) structuralism B) Gestalt C) functionalism D) behaviourism 112. Gestalt psychologists used __ to show how perception of a whole object or scene can influence judgments about its individual elements. A) illusions B) visual hallucinations C) reinforcement D) dream analysis Page 20 Test bank for Psychology 4th Edition by Daniel L. Schacter 113. __ pioneered the Gestalt psychology movement A) Max Wertheimer B) Frederic Bartlett C) Kurt Lewin D) Hermann Ebbinghaus 114. Gestalt psychologists believed that: A) visual illusions are caused by faulty thinking. B) the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. C) images are produced in different parts of the brain. D) hallucinations are the result of a chemical imbalance in the brain. 115. Through research on visual illusions, Gestalt psychologists demonstrated that: A) visual illusions can be used as screens for psychological disorders. B) visual illusions allow access to the unconscious mind. C) the mind imposes organization on what it perceives. D) the mind often fails to perceive a unified whole from a disjointed image. 116. Hermann Ebbinghaus is best known for research involving: A) interpreting the flashing light illusion. B) memorizing nonsense syllables. C) inventing a conditioning chamber. D) examining cognitive errors in children. 117. Frederic Bartlett differed from Hermann Ebbinghaus in that Bartlett believed that A) memory is an unobservable construct that cannot be empirically studied. B) memory operates like a photographic reproduction of past experience. C) nonsense syllables should be used in memory research to control for previous learning. D) memory studies should involve information that people encounter in everyday life. 118. Dee and Soleila watch a YouTube clip of "Mrs. Memory" reciting pi for thousands of digits. Dee is impressed but Soleila wonders if Mrs. Memory can remember what her husband asked her to purchase at the grocery store. Soleila's concern echoes __ critique of the research of _ . A) Noam Chomsky's; B. F Skinner B) John Watson's; William James C) Frederic Bartlett's; Hermann Ebbinghaus Page 21 Test bank for Psychology 4th Edition by Daniel L. Schacter D) Kurt Lewin's; B. F. Skinner 119. Frederic Bartlett's research on memory demonstrated that people tend to remember: A) what actually happened instead of what should have happened. B) what should have happened instead of what actually happened. C) nonsense syllables with more accuracy than meaningful words. D) meaningful words with more accuracy than nonsense syllables. 120. A cognitive psychologist who studied the perceptual and cognitive errors of children in order to gain insight into the nature and development of the human mind was: A) Jean Piaget. B) Frederic Bartlett. C) Kurt Lewin. D) Max Wertheimer. 121. A college student taking introductory psychology decides to test Piaget's theories of mental development on her 3-year-old brother who loves hot dogs and is very hungry. She shows him two hot dogs. Then, while he is watching, she breaks one of the hot dogs in half. She asks if he would like one hot dog (the intact hot dog) or two hot dogs (the hot dog cut in halt). Consistent with Piaget's findings, the child: A) selects the intact hot dog. B) selects the hot dog cut in half. C) says she is silly because both are the same. D) becomes confused and starts crying. 122. A college student taking introductory psychology decides to test Piaget's theories of mental development on his I 0-year-old sister who loves hot dogs and is very hungry. He shows her two hot dogs. Then, while she is watching, he breaks one of the hot dogs in half. He asks if she would like one hot dog (the intact hot dog) or two hot dogs (the hot dog cut in halt). Consistent with Piaget's findings, the girl probably will: A) select the intact hot dog. B) select the hot dog cut in half. C) state that both choices are the same. D) become confused and have trouble deciding. 123. A cognitive psychologist who argued that it wasn't an environmental stimulus, but rather the subjective experience-or construal-of the stimulus that Jed to behaviour, was: A) Karl Lashley. B) John Watson. Page 22 Test bank for Psychology 4th Edition by Daniel L. Schacter C) Kurt Lewin. D) Noam Chomsky. 124. A teacher praises a student for asking a good question. Which psychologist would state that the effect of praise on subsequent behaviour depended on the student's subjective experience of it? A) B. F. Skinner B) Kurt Lewin C) Jean Piaget D) Frederic Bartlett 125. Psychologist Kurt Lewin believed that stimulus- response psychology was too simplistic to predict human behaviour. In his theories, he inserted which terms between stimulus and response? A) construal of the stimulus B) structure of the stimulus C) reinforcement by the stimulus D) informational value of the stimulus 126. Psychologist Kurt Lewin used a special mathematical theory called __ to model the subjective experiences of the mind. A) relativity B) quantum theory C) game theory D) topology 127. The advent of _ in the 1950s had an enormous conceptual impact on the development of cognitive psychology. A) statistical programming B) television C) conditioning chambers D) computers 128. The scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning, is called: A) behavioural neuroscience. B) physiology. C) cognitive psychology. D) mental psychology. Page 23 Test bank for Psychology