PYC3702 EXAM PACK 2020.

PYC3702 EXAM PACK 2020. PYC3702 - Abnormal Behaviour And Mental Disorders. With regards to abnormal behaviour, a history of previous suicide attempts and physical assaults are taken into account as risk factors when assessing - - - - -, whereas taking into account the level of intensity of the psychological suffering that the client is experiencing is assessing the client’s - - - - -. 1. deviance; dysfunction 2. dangerousness; distress 3. deviance; dangerous 4. dangerousness; dysfunction 3. Mr Jones, a clinical psychologist, says: Abnormal behaviour can only be identified and understood if the individual’s cultural context is taken into consideration. Mr Jansen, a clinical psychologist, says: Abnormal behaviour is consistent across different cultures and as such uniform treatment can be applied to all individuals irrespective of their racial and cultural background. Mr Jones adopts a - - - - - approach to abnormal behaviour, whereas Mr Jansen adopts a/an - - - - - approach to abnormal behaviour.” 1. cultural; systemic 2. multidimensional; universalist 3. systemic; linear 4. relativistic; universalist 4. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders used by psychiatrists and psychologists to diagnose mental disorders has its origins in the medical model which is in agreement with the belief that mental disorders have organic or physiological causes. This viewpoint of mental disorders can be described as: 1. behaviourist 2. sociocultural 3. biological 4. ecological 5. Mr Nkosi’s employer is worried about his deteriorating work performance. He sees him (Mr Nkosi) as not being adequately committed, but his therapist thinks that his deteriorating performance could be as a result of a reduction in environmental reinforcements following the death of his wife. Mr Nkosi’s therapist adheres to the - - - - - perspective. 1. psychoanalytic 2. behaviouristic 3. cognitive 4. family systems 6. A psychologist who supports the Multicultural Model would most likely say that - - - - -. 1. Western cultures value “belongingness” over individualism 2. some cultures value family identity more than individuality 3. almost all non-Western cultures value individuality over collectivity 4. European American therapists emphasise the importance of collectivism over individualism 7. A psychologist who sees a client's psychological problems as caused by a lack of the requisite socially acceptable behaviours, as well as insufficient feedback regarding their actions, would most likely support which model of psychopathology? 1. Existential model 2. Humanistic model 3. Behavioural model 4. Psychodynamic model 8. In Community Psychology, the - - - - - model sees the community as an ecosystem consisting of relationships which operate in an environmental context, whereas, the - - - - - model is based on the explicit intention of preventing mental illness. 1. social action; mental health 2. mental health; social action 3. ecological; mental health 4. ecological; social action 9. Being exposed to a high conflict divorce and the associated losses and changes at a young age, pose high levels of stress to most young children. Should parents in the process of a divorce take their child for counselling at the onset of divorce proceedings, their action would have been an example of - - - - -. However, only taking the child to a psychologist for psychotherapy after the onset of behavioural symptoms in relation to the divorce is an illustration of 1. Primary Prevention; Secondary Prevention 2. Secondary Prevention; Tertiary Prevention 3. Child neglect; Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another 4. Paranoid Ideation; Illness Anxiety Disorder The correct answer is alternative 1. 10. All the following are characteristics of the Western perspective except: 1. harmony with nature. 2. mastery of the universe. 3. emphasis on experimentation. 4. analytical and objective. 11. According to the traditional African perspective - - - - - refers to disorders caused by natural causes while - - - - - refers to disorders caused by supernatural factors or the ancestors. 1. Umkhuhlane; Ukufa kwabantu 2. Ukufa kwabantu; Ubuthakathi 3. Umkhuhlane; Ubuthakhathi 4. Ukufa kwabantu; Umkhuhlane 12. In assessing Edward’s abnormal behaviour according to the DSM-5 classification system, the psychologist should consider the following possible principal diagnosis: 1. Narcissistic Personality Disorder 2. Antisocial Personality Disorder 3. Borderline Personality Disorder 4. Conduct Disorder 13. During his psychotherapy sessions, Edward’s psychologist finds out that, as a child, he had frequently been neglected and physically abused by his stepfather who was arrested for a variety of criminal offences. This history of abuse and neglect points to the role of - - - - - as an aetiological factor for Edward’s disorder according to the Multipath Model. 1. cultural values 2. genetic influences 3. the social dimension 4. the socio-cultural dimension 14. Longstanding, inflexible and pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others, such as perceiving their motives as malevolent, is a core characteristic of which one of the following DSM-5 disorders? 1. Schizophrenia 2. Delusional Disorder 3. Schizoid Personality Disorder 4. Paranoid Personality Disorder 15. A pervasive pattern of egosyntonic detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotions in interpersonal settings are the most prominent characteristics of which DSM-5 Disorder? 1. Social Anxiety Disorder 2. Schizoaffective Disorder 3. Autism Spectrum Disorder 4. Schizoid Personality Disorder 16. According to the psychodynamic perspective, the - - - - - shown by individuals with Narcissistic Personality Disorder is due to - - - - -. 1. impulsivity; parental neglect and abuse 2. consistent irresponsibility and deceitfulness; faulty superego development 3. extreme self-focus and lack of empathy; a lack of parental modelling of empathy during childhood 4. grandiose sense of self-importance; distorted cognitive schemas that developed since early childhood 17. Vuyo is normally a polite and controlled, 21-year-old, but if he gets a wrong-number telephone call, he completely loses control. After shouting at the caller, he throws his cell phone across the room. Afterwards, he is filled with guilt and shame and in this way has frequently been forced to purchase new cell phones which puts a dent in his financial wellbeing. Which one of the following DSM-5 disorders would most likely be a relevant diagnosis in Vuyo case? 1. Kleptomania 2. Antisocial Personality Disorder 3. Conduct Disorder 4. Intermittent Explosive Disorder 18. A psychologist will probably make the diagnosis of - - - - - according to the DSM-5 classification system in Gladys’ case. 1. Specific Phobia 2. Panic Disorder 3. Illness Anxiety Disorder 4. Somatic Symptom Disorder 19. Which of the following factors would be considered by a Cognitive-Behaviourist in explaining Gladys’s abnormal behaviour? a) Gladys’s family history pertaining to mental disorders b) Low levels of serotonin c) Uncomfortable bodily experiences d) Her gender e) Stress experienced during her childhood years f) Catastrophic thoughts. g) A classical conditioning process. 1. a, d, f 2. b, c, g 3. c, f, g 4. d, e, f 20. A psychologist will probably make the principal diagnosis of - - - - - according to the DSM-5 classification system in Mary-Ann’s case. 1. Bereavement 2. Adjustment Disorder with Anxiety 3. Panic Disorder 4. Generalised Anxiety Disorder 21. According to the DSM-5 classification system, the co-morbid diagnosis, - - - - -, should be considered in MaryAnn’s case because - - - - -. 1. Schizoid Personality Disorder; she only had one close friend 2. Other Specified Personality Disorder; Mary-Ann manifests some features of Dependent Personality Disorder 3. Borderline Personality Disorder; Mary-Ann experiences interpersonal problems and a lack of self- confidence 4. None; Mary-Ann is generally a well-functioning adult 22. According to Wells’ Cognitive model (Sue et al., 2016), the origin of Mary-Ann’s principal diagnosis stems from 1. worry about worry which leads to increased and persistent anxiety and worry. 2. beliefs that worry can provide a way to cope with stressful situations. 3. beliefs that worry can provide solutions to challenges that might occur. 4. ineffective methods for dealing with difficult and stressful situations. 23. According to the DSM-5 classification system, Bongi’s abnormal behaviour could be classified as - - - - - and Tristan’s abnormal behaviour as - - - - -. 1. Specific Phobia; Panic Disorder 2. Specific Phobia; Avoidant Personality Disorder 3. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Specific Phobia 4. Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder; Agoraphobia 24. Which of the following family factors, according to Sue et al. (2016), are regarded as possible aetiological factors in the development and maintenance of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders? a) Controlling and critical parenting style b) Discouragement of children’s autonomy c) Minimal parental warmth d) Hostile relatives e) Assisting the child to perform his/her compulsive rituals. 1. a, c 2. a, b, c 3. b, c, d, e 4. all of the above Read the following information that was extracted from an interview with Thandi three weeks after her parents’ death in a remote area of Mpumalanga, then answer questions 25, 26, 27, 28 and 29. Thandi’s family is known to live a traditional lifestyle in the rural area of Mpumalanga, a place her family has called home for the past five generations. Thandi’s parents expected her to marry a local boy and continue the family tradition of running the household and bringing up children. She often watched the glamorous secretaries on TV at a friend’s house and dreamt of one day working in an office. Thandi left school at the age of 16 and followed her boyfriend to Gauteng to learn everything she needed to know about becoming a secretary. It was difficult for Thandi to make a living while learning to become a secretary but she succeeded through sheer hard work and determination. Thandi was hired by a big firm in Gauteng as a secretary shortly after completing her studies. While still on probation, Thandi now 22 years old, was working under stressful circumstances for long hours for months on end, without visiting at home, because she wanted to have a permanent position at the big firm. Her small salary only allowed her to travel to Mpumalanga once a year. She failed to attend a number of birth and marriage rituals in her village and the villagers began to speak openly about the ancestors withdrawing their protection from the family because Thandi was breaking their traditional customs. It was said that the ancestors were also angry about Thandi’s neglect of her parents by visiting them too seldom and neglecting the custom of caring for her tribe. During a heavy thunderstorm, her parents’ hut was struck by lightning, killing both parents. On the day her parents died, all the taxi companies began a weeklong strike. Thandi was unable to find alternative transport in time, and the funeral rites of her parents had to begin without her. Very stressed, she only arrived after the burial, where she collapsed on her parents’ grave. When someone tried to assist her in getting up, she suddenly felt faint and dizzy, felt as if she was choking, and as if her heart was beating irregularly, and she perspired profusely. Thandi felt as if she was dying. Because Thandi’s community considered her as breaking with tradition and having disgraced her parents, they considered her as an outcast and Thandi was isolated in the community without support or friends. Three weeks later, she could still not stop thinking about the horrible way her parents had died. She was unable to sleep and unable to concentrate on tasks, felt dissociated from everybody and everything, was highly aroused, irritated and felt as if she was in a daze all the time. She further got a choking feeling every time she saw her parents’ burnt hut. Although Thandi tried to avoid the hut, she continued to experience intense anxiety whenever she passed the burnt hut. These state of events had an adverse impact on her mood and concentration. 25. According to the African perspective Thandi’s illness can be defined as - - - - -. 1. Ukufa kwabantu 2. Amafufunyana 3. Umkhuhlane 4. Ukuthwasa 26. According to the DSM-5 classification system, Thandi’s abnormal behaviour can be diagnosed as - - - - -. 1. Bereavement 2. Adjustment Disorder with anxiety 3. Panic Disorder 4. Acute Stress Disorder 27. According to the DSM-5 classification system, the symptoms of Thandi being very stressed, collapsing on her parents’ grave, suddenly feeling faint and dizzy, as if she was choking, irregular heartbeat and perspiring profusely could indicate the presence of a - - - - -. 1. Panic attack 2. Panic Disorder 3. Factitious Disorder 4. Conversion Disorder 28. According to the Multipath Model (Sue et al., 2016), which one of the following refers to factors related to the Psychological dimension in the development of Thandi’s mental disorder? 1. Thandi experienced low income. 2. Thandi’s family had very strict traditional expectations of her. 3. Thandi’s perception that her parents died in a horrible way. 4. Thandi being separated from her family. 29. Which one of the following alternatives indicates the Social dimension in the development of Thandi’s mental disorder according to the Multipath Model (Sue et al. 2016)? 1. Thandi lived in the city far away from her village. 2. The fact that she is a female, which makes her more vulnerable to developing this mental disorder. 3. Thandi worked within a stressful environment earning a low income. 4. Thandi was isolated and did not receive social support from the community and friends. 30. Which one of the following statements concerning stressors and stress is the most accurate? 1. Stressors are only temporary, while stress is a chronic condition. 2. Stressors and stress are two different words that have the same meaning. 3. Stressors are external events; stress is an internal reaction to such events. 4. Stressors are internal reactions such as increased heartbeat; stress is an external condition. PYC3702 ASSIGNMENTS 2019 Assignment 01 Semester 1 Closing date: 6 March 2019 Unique number: This assignment is based on Learning Units 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 9 in Tutorial Letters 501 and 502 and the corresponding chapters 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 15 and 16 (“Externalising Disorders among the Youth”) in the prescribed book. 1. Rose has an exaggerated fear of flying. She refuses to board an airplane and avoids airports altogether. If her psychologist attributed this fear to Rose’s observation of her mother’s fear of flying when Rose was a child, the psychologist would be explaining the aetiology of Rose’s behaviour from the - - - - - in psychology. 1. behavioural model 2. psychodynamic model 3. social-relational model 4. cognitive-behavioural model 2. An assumption of the Multipath Model regarding abnormal behaviour is that - - - - -. 1. most psychological disorders are due to one or two primary factors 2. the biological perspective best explains the complexities of human behaviour 3. different individuals exposed to different aetiological factors may develop similar mental disorders 4. biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural factors contribute equally to most psychological disorders 3. Which of the following statements regarding the biological perspective of the Multipath Model is the most accurate? 1. It constitutes the core assumption of the diathesis-stress theory. 2. It has proven that genetic inheritance is the direct cause of most mental disorders. 3. It has shown that mental disorders are mainly caused by structural brain abnormalities. 4. It supports the assumption that the interaction between physical activity in the brain and mental processes are of a circular nature. 4. A psychologist who supports the multicultural perspective would most likely say that - - - - -. 1. Western cultures value "belongingness" over individualism 2. some cultures value family identity more than individuality 3. almost all non-Western cultures value individuality over collectivism 4. European American therapists emphasise the importance of collectivism over individualism 5. According to Sue et al. (2016), the Multipath Model identifies - - - - - as a contributing factor from the - - - - - dimension when looking at an individual’s development of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in response to a traumatic event. 1. gender; biological 2. resilience; psychological 3. fear extinction; sociocultural 4. childhood maltreatment; social Read the case study below and then answer questions 6, 7, 8, and 9. Duma, a 40-year-old man was brought to the psychiatric hospital by the border police when he attempted to pass through the South African army checkpoint on the Northern Botswana border, ignoring the commands of patrol guards. In their report the guards stated Duma was running about wildly, assaulting people and breaking things. His speech was vague and incoherent. He was agitated and became violent without any provocation. Enquiries made by the psychologist revealed that Duma’s illness started three years before he was admitted to the hospital. According to his wife, Duma’s condition started gradually, with symptoms of listlessness, sleep disturbance, a lack of emotion, social withdrawal and unprovoked bouts of anger which deteriorated month by month. Duma often complained that he was hearing voices in his stomach, which spoke in a foreign language. The voices told him that his colleagues wanted to take his position at work. On one occasion the voices told him that they had come to kill him as someone else had been earmarked for his position. Whenever he became angry he blamed the voices for causing his anger. Duma always had a suspicious nature and blamed his wife for orchestrating malicious plans behind his back. Nonetheless, Duma was a hardworking executive, but his symptoms became so severe that his wife left him taking their two children with her. Eventually, the severity of his symptoms escalated to such an extent that it affected his overall functioning and he subsequently lost his job a year ago. During the clinical interview, Duma reported that he had been bewitched by his jealous colleagues who were not happy with his success. He further reported that insects were also moving inside his body and at times he could hear voices threatening to kill him. Duma’s brothers were of the opinion that their brother has always led a more Western way of life, neglecting to perform any rituals and customs during significant milestones in his life. They have always been worried about him as he did not appease his ancestors during the critical events in his life. Thus, they strongly believed that their brother’s strange behaviour could be due to punishment from the ancestors who might have been angered by the fact that he is not following the culturally prescribed code of conduct. Duma grew up in a rural village and his father was mostly away from home as he was working in the mines in Gauteng. His mother was in and out of hospital as she was said to be suffering from “bouts of madness”. As a result, Duma and his siblings were mostly raised by their paternal grandmother. According to his brothers Duma had always been a very difficult person to live with. Even when they were growing up, Duma was known as the “suspicious lad of the village”. As a teenager Duma was convinced that his parents did not love him and were planning to kill him by “poisoning his food”. He never believed that his wife loved him and on several occasions accused her of having affairs with male colleagues. Throughout his entire adult life, he bore grudges towards everybody including his wife and members of his own extended family whom he accused of being malicious and jealous of him. 6. According to the DSM-5 classification system, Duma’s principal diagnosis will be - - - - -, if he was to be diagnosed by a clinical psychologist subscribing to a Western worldview. In addition, to the principal diagnosis, Duma would also be diagnosed with - - - - - according to the DSM-5 classification system. 1. Schizophrenia, Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder 2. Schizophrenia, Paranoid Personality Disorder 3. Schizophreniform Disorder; Schizoid Personality Disorder 4. Brief Psychotic Disorder; Schizotypal Personality Disorder 7. If Duma were to consult a traditional healer, he might be said to be suffering from - - - - - which is - - - - -. 1. Amafunfunyane, based on the view that the environment is potentially dangerous. 2. Ukuthwasa, associated with major life events. 3. Amafunfunyane, it is due to bewitchment and breaking of customs. 4. Ukuthwasa, an illness that he inherited from his mother 8. The symptoms Duma reported that (a) ‘insects were moving in his body’ and (b) ‘hearing voices in his stomach speaking a foreign language’ are both hallucinations which fall under the - - - - - symptoms of his principal disorder. Furthermore, (a) is an example of a - - - - - hallucination while (b) is an example of a - - - - - hallucination. 1. positive; (a) tactile; (b) auditory 2. negative; (a) somatic; (b) gustatory 3. positive; (a) visual; (b) auditory 4. negative; (a) tactile; (b) somatic 9. Duma’s brothers subscribe to the African Worldview. Which one of the following alternatives most accurately explains their understanding of mental health? 1. Empirically logical 2. Emphasis on experimentation 3. Supernatural and holistic 4. Oriented to the future 10. In class, Professor Bell defines - - - - - as the view adopted by a person that regards symptoms of mental disorders as the same in all cultures and societies. 1. Ukuthwasa 2. Cultural relativism 3. Cultural-bound syndrome 4. Cultural universality 11. The term stressor is confusing to a fellow student. How would you explain the concept? 1. An internal psychological or physical response to a traumatic event. 2. A traumatic event or situation that is beyond a person's ability to cope. 3. An external event or situation that places a physical or psychological demand on a person. 4. Emotional distress and behavioural symptoms that are a disproportionate reaction to the intensity of a given situation. Read the following case study carefully and then answer questions 12 and 13. Khehla, a 50-year-old bank manager, was seeking professional help because he was worried that he was going insane. For the past nine months, he has been suffering from feelings of anxiety, weakness and fatigue, irritability, concentration problems and as he puts it “uncontrollable worry about everything”. His restlessness has become so intense that he can scarcely stand, sit or lie still. These symptoms cause considerable impairment in his social and occupational functioning. Recently he has started taking sleeping pills because of difficulty falling asleep. Approximately nine months ago, the bank of which Khehla is the manager, was robbed from a considerable amount of money. Two security guards were shot in front of Khehla. 12. Which one of the following DSM-5 diagnoses is the correct diagnosis in Khehla’s case? 1. Panic Disorder 2. Generalised Anxiety Disorder 3. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 4. Adjustment Disorder with Anxiety 13. In explaining the mental disorder Khehla is suffering from, a psychologist adhering to the cognitive perspective will probably highlight the effect of - - - - -. 1. parental role models 2. dysfunctional schemas 3. the functioning of the prefrontal cortex 4. defences against the awareness of unconscious emotional issues 14. Persistent and excessive fear or anxiety concerning separation from home or major attachment figures are essential characteristics of (a) - - - - -, while persistent failure to speak in specific situations despite the ability to speak, is the core characteristic of (b) - - - - -. 1. (a) Separation Anxiety Disorder; (b) Selective Mutism 2. (a) Reactive Attachment Disorder; (b) Communication Disorder 3. (a) Generalised Anxiety Disorder; (b) Oppositional Defiant Disorder 4. (a) Dependent Personality Disorder; (b) Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) Read the following case study carefully and then answer questions 15 and 16. Meghan complains of persistent and distressing thoughts about the safety of her house and the time spend on activities to ensure the safety of her house. Meghan is, in spite of the fact that she lives in a security complex with high quality safety measures, scared to death that her house might burn down or be destroyed by thieves. Every time before she leaves her house, she feels compelled to turn all the gas burners on her stove on and off 14 times, each in sequence, to lock and unlock all the doors of her house 14 times in a specific sequence and to activate and de-activate the alarm system of the house 14 times. According to Meghan, she has to perform these time-consuming rituals as she does not trust her memory and can’t be sure the gas burners are off, the doors locked and the alarm system activated without repeating the activities in specific sequences. 15. Which one of the following DSM-5 diagnoses is the correct diagnosis in Meghan’s case? 1. Specific Phobia 2. Generalised Anxiety Disorder 3. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 4. Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder 16. By not trusting her memory and fearing that the gas burners might not be off, the doors not locked and the alarm system not activated, Meghan demonstrates which cognitive characteristic of the disorder she is suffering from? 1. Thought-fusion 2. Disconfirmatory bias 3. Negative self-schema 4. Polarised thinking 17. Conduct Disorder (CD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) are both related to symptoms that bring the individual in conflict with adults and other authority figures. However, the key by which one can differentiate between these two disorders is the following: 1. Behaviour in CD is more severe than the behaviour in ODD and includes aggression towards individuals and animals, destruction of property, or a pattern of theft and deceit. 2. Behaviour in ODD is more severe than the behaviour in OCD and includes serious violation of rules and aggression towards individuals and animals. 3. Behaviour in CD also includes problems of emotional dysregulation such as anger and irritable mood whereas behaviour in ODD does not include problems of emotional dysregulation. 4. Behaviour in ODD is more focussed on being superficially polite and friendly when they have something to gain and are masters at manipulating others, while behaviour in CD is more focussed on being argumentative, resentful and defiant of adult requests. Read the following case study carefully and then answer question 18. Gregg, a four-year-old boy, has been attending his local preschool five days a week for the past eight months. His teacher has called his parents in to discuss Gregg’s difficult behaviour. She tells them that Gregg often loses his temper and is mostly irritable and easily annoyed. He also argues with her if she gives him tasks or tries to discipline him and at least once a day plainly refuses to comply with one or another of the class rules. She states that he has also on various occasions acted in a resentful and spiteful manner towards both her and some of his classmates when playing games, or if she asks Gregg to help her with tasks in the class. The final straw was when, after a huge amount of begging and pleading, she eventually got Gregg to hold up the pictures for the story she was reading to the class. At the third picture, instead of holding up the book for the class to see the picture, Gregg proceeded to tear out the page and after crunching it into a ball, threw it out of the window. 18. According to the DSM-5 classification system, Gregg’s behaviour could be diagnosed as a(n) - - - - -. 1. Conduct Disorder 2. Antisocial Personality Disorder 3. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 4. Oppositional Defiant Disorder. 19. - - - - -, - - - - - and - - - - - Disorders involve problems in the self-control of emotions and behaviours and are manifested in behaviours that violate the rights of others. 1. Personality- ; Impulse-Control- ; Psychotic 2. Disruptive- ; Impulse-Control- ; Conduct 3. Obsessive-compulsive- ; Bipolar- ; Disruptive 4. Conduct- ; Psychotic- ; Personality20. Implementing support programmes that aim to minimise the impact of depressive disorders are characteristic of 1. Primary prevention 2. Secondary prevention 3. First-level treatment 4. Tertiary-level treatment 21. The Personality Disorders involve an enduring pattern of inner experience and behaviour that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture. This criterion of Personality Disorders manifests itself in the following way in Borderline Personality Disorder: 1. Excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behaviour. 2. Disregard for and violation of the rights of others. 3. Instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image and affect, and marked impulsivity. 4. Distrust and suspiciousness of others such as their motives are interpreted as malevolent. 22. Criterion A of the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for Personality Disorder includes an enduring pattern of inner experience and behaviour that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture which is manifested in - - - - - (or more) of the following areas: - - - - -, - - - - -, - - - - -, - - - - -. 1. two; long-term memory, affectivity, reality testing, impulse control. 2. three; cognition, adaptability, interpersonal functioning, impulse control. 3. two; cognition, affectivity, interpersonal functioning, impulse control. 4. three; long-term memory, adaptability, reality testing, interpersonal functioning. Read the following case study carefully and then answer questions 23, 24, and 25. Jasper (30 years old) grew up in the city. Since childhood he seemed to be extremely sensitive to people’s reactions toward him. He usually expected them to criticise and reject him. He was therefore very lonely as he would avoid situations where he needed to interact with people he didn’t know very well. This caused him endless difficulties at school as he could never relax and interact like the other school learners did. Oral presentations were a nightmare since he felt that his classmates thought he was stupid and would laugh at him. These thoughts resulted in him forgetting his speech and failing orals repeatedly. As he grew older Jasper yearned for a close interpersonal relationship hoping he would someday get married and have children but could simply not get himself so far to start talking to the girls he admired from afar. Recently, a girl that Jasper found extremely attractive was placed to work alongside him as an intern. Jasper started developing a lot of anxiety as he wasn’t able to interact with the girl as he believed she might think he was incompetent and a loser. This anxiety and uneasiness started to affect his work negatively and he received a formal warning from his supervisor. 23. According to the DSM-5 classification system, Jasper’s abnormal behaviour could be classified as - - - - - 1. Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder. 2. Avoidant Personality Disorder. 3. Schizoid Personality Disorder. 4. Paranoid Personality Disorder. 24. The prognosis for Jasper’s diagnosis is - - - - - because - - - - -. 1. poor; onset is gradual and pervasive and resistant to change 2. good; onset is acute and therefore shows a successful response to treatment 3. good; his disorder is ego-syntonic 4. poor; his disorder is ego-dystonic 25. A psychologist who sees Jasper’s psychological problems as caused by a lack of the requisite socially acceptable behaviours, as well as insufficient feedback regarding their actions, would most likely support which model of psychopathology? 1. Existential model 2. Humanistic model 3. Behavioural model 4. Psychodynamic model.