PYC2601 EXAM PACK.

PYC2601 EXAM PACK. PYC2601 - Personality Theories. Freud's theory is based on the assumptions that human beings a) determine their own personalities by the kind of moral choices they make b) are driven by persistent forces in the psyche which are in conflict with the norms of society c) function with the help of energy which is converted from a physical-biological form to psychic energy d) try to experience drive satisfaction in a goal-directed and meaningful way The correct answer is: 1) (a) 2) (b) 3) (b) & (c) 4) (b) & (d) The correct answer is (3) PB p52, 56 ‘Freud believes that the human psyche functions with the help of energy which is converted from a physicalbiological form to psychic energy according to the familiar physical principle of energy transformation.’ Therefore (c) is correct. ‘According to Freud, the person is caught up in a constant conflict between drives within the psyche and the demands and norms of society...’ Therefore (b) is correct. The only option that incorporates both (b) and (c) is (3). Therefore the answer is (3). QUESTION 2 Freud asserted that the id, ego and superego function on different levels of consciousness. In view of this contention, which one of the following statements is correct? 1) The id functions on the unconscious level, the ego on the preconscious level and the superego on the conscious level 2) The id functions on the unconscious and preconscious levels and the ego and superego on the conscious level 3) The id functions primarily on the unconscious level but also on the preconscious level, and the ego and superego function equally on all three levels of consciousness 4) The id functions primarily on the unconscious level but also on the preconscious level, and the ego and superego function on all three levels of consciousness, although not to the same extent The correct answer is (4) PB p53 ‘The id functions almost exclusively on the unconscious level, although it can, at times, make its wishes felt in the pre-conscious level (in dreams for example). The ego and the superego function on all three levels of consciousness, although not to the same extent.’ © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 4 QUESTION 3 In Freudian terminology, cathexis refers to 1) The psychic energy that is transferred onto appropriate objects of drive satisfaction in a way that makes these objects attractive or desirable 2) A sexual climax 3) The release the ego experiences when it is freed from the conflicting interplay of the id, the physical reality and the superego 4) The cathartic relief of tension after a long build-up of tension due to delayed drive satisfaction The correct answer is (1) PB p91 ‘Cathexis: the ego’s attempt to establish, on rational grounds, whether or not an object is serviceable’ QUESTION 4 Thabo is faced with the conflict of sexually desiring his best friend's wife According to Freud, the most effective strategy Thabo could employ to deal with this conflict is to 1) Resist the temptation and repress his drive out of loyalty to his friend 2) Fully satisfy his desire by secretly having sex with his best friend's wife 3) Deny that he has any such desire by becoming convinced that his best friend's wife is actually quite unattractive 4) sublimate his desire for his best friend's wife by having sex with his own wife The correct answer is (4) PB p68, 69 ‘The most effective form of displacement, and therefore the most effective defense mechanism, is sublimation. Sublimation consists of finding displacement objects and actions which are regarded by society as culturally valuable. When a person employs sublimation he or she expresses his or her unacceptable ‘base’ drives in an acceptable or even valuable way, thereby raising these lower drives to something ‘sublime’.’ QUESTION 5 After the divorce of his parents and the trauma of being left with his penniless mother while his father took off with his mistress, five year old Johnny, who was toilet trained when he was two, began wetting his bed The Freudian analyst, whom Johnny's mother consults for help, will most likely explain Johnny's behaviour as 1) Regression and fixation as a result of feeling overwhelmed by anxiety 2) The repression of sexual feelings towards his mother now that the rival figure of the father is out of the way 3) The sublimation of aggressive feelings towards the father who left them 4) The projection of castration anxiety in the act of wetting his bed © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 5 The correct answer is (2) PB p74, 75 Although option (1) seems plausible, we have to remember that the analyst Johnny’s mother is seeing, is a Freudian analyst. Read Freud’s Oedipus complex on page 74 and 75. According to Freud, a boy between the ages of three to five or six ‘develops sexual desires in relation to his mother and would like to take on his father’s sexual function. Because his father has a sexual relationship with his mother and because the boy realise he cannot succeed in replacing his father in a sexual respect, he becomes jealous and even feels acute hatred for his father.’ QUESTION 6 A pastor has a frigid wife who refuses to have sexual relations with him He preaches hellfire and damnation on everyone who commits adultery. He begins advocating a strict dress code for the women in his congregation - they have to wear long skirts and high-necked blouses with long sleeves. According to Freudian theory, the defence mechanism which best explains the pastor's behaviour is: 1) Regression 2) Identification 3) Rationalisation 4) Reaction formation The correct answer is (4) PB p64 ‘Reaction formation is a mechanism whereby the individual tries to keep a forbidden desire unconscious by adopting a fanatical stance that gives the impression that he or she experiences exactly the opposite desire.’ QUESTION 7 Freud regards dreams as the royal road to the unconscious because a) there is no other way that repressed material can be brought to light b) dreams contain disguised wishes and desires which allow the analyst, by the method of free association , to uncover the underlying problems c) during sleep the preconscious censoring of the ego is less effective than during the waking state, allowing forbidden but disguised desires to break through to consciousness The correct answer is: 1) (a), (b) & (c) 2) (a) & (c) 3) (b) & (c) 4) (a) The correct answer is (1) PB p70 Although (a) seems incorrect, Freud believed that ‘dreams result from the repression of desires which, because of the influence of the superego, can be fulfilled only in a distorted way during sleep.’ Therefore the assumption is that Freud believed that there is no other way repressed material can come to light. © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 6 Both (b) and (c) are correct according to the material on page 70. Therefore (1) is correct. QUESTION 8 A mother, who breastfed her baby, wants to return to work and starts feeding her baby from a bottle and then a cup in order to wean her. The baby begins to suck her thumb, blanket and pillow. According to psychoanalytic theory, this baby may a) become fixated at the oral stage of development b) develop an over dependence on other people c) fail to actualise her organismic potential d) develop a weak ego The correct answer is: 1) All of the above 2) (a), (b) & (d) 3) (a) & (b) 4) (c) & (d) The correct answer is (3) PB p73 ‘Fixation or partial fixation in the oral stage results in a personality type which Freud calls the ‘oral personality’ type. The typical characteristics of this type are an inordinate dependence on other people…’ Therefore (b) is correct. Both (c) and (d) is incorrect. Therefore (3) is the correct answer. QUESTION 9 The psychoanalytic description of the optimally developed personality will include characteristics such as a) full self-actualisation b) the freedom to find meaning and purpose in life c) the ability to love and to work d) an effective reality testing capability The correct answer is: 1) All of the above 2) (c) & (d) 3) (c) 4) (d) © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 7 The correct answer is (2) PB p78 Freud summarised the attributes of people with a genital character (the personality type that comes closest to representing the ideal of balanced conflict management), as ‘the ability to love and to work.’ Therefore (c) is correct. Freud also believed that ‘the genital character type’s ego is capable of effective reality testing.’ Therefore (d) is correct. ‘Freud does not provide a lot of detail on optimal development…’ therefore ’meaning and purpose’ and ‘selfactualisation’ as described by other theorists, does not come into play. Therefore both (a) and (b) is incorrect. The answer is thus (2) QUESTION 10 According to Freud, psychological disorders are a) caused by an imbalance in the structure of the personality b) an extreme, exaggerated form of normal behaviour c) the result of fixation in a stage d) the result of an ego that is too weak to handle the conflict between the id and superego effectively The correct answer is: 1) All of the above 2) (a) & (b) 3) (c) & (d) 4) (a), (c) & (d) The correct answer is (1) PB 79 Freud ‘views abnormal behaviour as merely an extreme and exaggerated form of normal behaviour. Psychological disorders, according to Freud, are caused by an imbalance in the structure of the personality. Basically this means that the ego is too weak to handle conflict between the id and the superego effectively. Such an inability on the part of the ego has both historical and contemporary causes.’ One of the historical causes listed is; Fixation in a stage. Therefore the correct answer is ‘All of the above.’ QUESTIONS ON THE SOCIAL COGNITIVE LEARNING APPROACH Read the following story and then answer Questions 11 to 15 In terms of Bandura 's theory. Thabo plays hooker for his school's first rugby team. He is coached by a famous Springbok scrum-half, Mr Joost. Thabo's younger brother, Vusi and their father attend all the practice sessions. Mr Joost demonstrates all the important movements, which the team copies faithfully. He points out to Thabo that he tends to throw the ball in skew in the line-outs. © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 8 Mr Joost shows Thabo a special throw-in technique to use in the line-outs. Thabo gets it right and he is very proud of himself when he is chosen for the national team. His father is so excited about Thabo's achievement that he buys him the most sought-after rugby ball on the market. The younger brother, Vusi, is beside himself with excitement and pride regarding his elder brother's achievement. He wishes he was old enough to play rugby so that he can also get a rugby ball like Thabo. One day Mr Joost is late for the practice session and some of the children start playing in his absence. Vusi begs them to let him play too, and to everybody's surprise, little Vusi flawlessly uses the special throw-in technique Mr Joost taught Thabo. Vusi grins all over his face with pride. QUESTION 11 What kinds of learning, according to Bandura's theory, are involved in the younger brother Vusi’s learning process? 1) Direct learning and self-regulation 2) Observational and direct learning 3) Observational learning and self-regulation 4) Observational learning, direct learning and self-regulation The correct answer is (4) PB p306, 307, 312 QUESTION 12 What kinds of reinforcement are clearly involved in the learning process of Thabo, the elder brother? a) Direct reinforcement b) Vicarious reinforcement c) Internal self-reinforcement d) External self-reinforcement The correct answer is: 1) (a) & (c) 2) (b) & (d) 3) (a), (c) & (d) 4) All of the above The correct answer is (3) SG p92 Refer to the hints in the Study Guide p92 QUESTION 13 The new rugby ball serves as a __ in the learning process of Vusi, the younger brother 1) Direct reinforcer 2) Vicarious reinforcer © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 9 3) Internal self-reinforcer 4) External self-reinforcer The correct answer is (2) SG p92 This is illustrated by how the observer who observe how a model is rewarded for his behaviour. Since Vusi is the observer, it would be a vicarious reinforce. QUESTION 14 The fact that Vusi, the younger brother, throws the ball in perfectly in the line-out, like his brother who learnt to throw the ball in straight after Mr Joost showed him a special throw-in technique. This indicates that took place in the case of Vusi 1) Imitation 2) Counter-imitation 3) Self-regulation 4) Negative reinforcement The correct answer is (1) SG p92 Imitation occurs when observers repeat the behaviour of the model. QUESTION 15 The fact that Mr Joost cautioned Thabo for throwing the ball in skew in the line-outs serves as (a) __ for Thabo, but as (b) __ for Vusi. 1) (a) direct punishment (b) vicarious punishment 2) (a) negative reinforcement (b) direct punishment 3) (a) Vicarious punishment (b) direct punishment 4) (a) direct punishment (external self-punishment The correct answer is (1) SG p92 Refer to the hints in the Study Guide p92 QUESTION 16 It is Tshepo's belief that he has failed his Personality Theories examination because the lecturers are prejudiced towards him. Pule on the other hand, has also failed the examination, but he feels that he did not spend enough time preparing for the examination and that his answers were too vague and not specific enough. Tshepo has an (a) __ locus of control, whereas Pule has an (b) __ locus of control. 1) (a) external (b) internal 2) (a) Internal (b) external 3) (a) Internal and external (b) internal © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 10 4) (a) external (b) internal and external The correct answer is (1) PB p322 ‘People who believe that they can exercise considerable control over what happens to them have an internal locus of control, whereas those who are inclined to believe that circumstances beyond their control determine their fate have an external locus of control.’ QUESTION 17 According to the social cognitive learning theory, a person who functions optimally is someone who 1) Has an external locus of control 2) Takes risks 3) Has a realistic self-efficacy perception 4) Has a freedom of choice The correct answer is (3) PB p314 ‘Optimally developed people are able to recognise and take into account the factors that are relevant to effective functioning in a given situation, even though these may be relatively complex, and succeed in producing behaviour which meets their own standards. These people have a realistic self-efficacy perception; in other words, they neither overestimate nor underestimate their own abilities.’ Read the following story and then answer Questions 18 and 19 Peter is a member of a soccer team. His coach uses the principles of social learning theory to improve his team's soccer-playing skills. For example, he gives Peter a new soccer jersey when he plays well and he takes his team to games when the South African Bafana-Bafana soccer team is playing. When the team wins they reward themselves by eating out. Despite all this, Peter believes that he simply does not have the talent to play well, and his game does not improve. QUESTION 18 According to Bandura's theory, Peter's functioning in this story is a reflection of someone who has a/an: 1) Low expectancy drive 2) Low self-efficacy perception 3) External locus of control 4) Forethought capability The correct answer is (2) PB p322 Refer to self-efficacy definition on p322 © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 11 QUESTION 19 If Peter was to be referred for psychotherapy, what would someone who is practising from the framework of the social cognitive learning theory consider as the main aim of Peter's therapy? 1) To assist him to realise and acknowledge his ineffective way of handling demands 2) To improve his self-efficacy and change his encoding strategies 3) To teach him effective social skills 4) To teach him strategies to improve his talents The correct answer is (2) PB p316 QUESTION 20 Which one of the following statements about aggression is correct in terms of social cognitive learning theories? 1) Aggressive behaviour is acquired through direct learning, but not through observational learning 2) Aggressive behaviour is acquired through observational learning, but not through direct learning 3) Genetic and environmental factors contribute to aggressive behaviour in a person's behavioural repertoire 4) Environmental factors, but not genetic factors, contribute to aggressive behaviour in a person's behavioural repertoire The correct answer is (3) PB p319 ‘Potentially aggressive modes of behaviour are part of the behavioural repertoire. Another way of saying this is that, because of genetic and environmental factors, each person has certain ways of behaving at his or her disposal that can be harnessed for aggressive purposes.’ QUESTIONS ON MASLOW'S THEORY QUESTION 21 Which of the following statements most accurately explain Maslow's view of the person? a) An individual has the potential to reach his or her highest level of functioning b) An individual has an active will to develop, grow and reach his or her true potential c) Human behaviour can be explained in terms of need gratification since this largely forms the basis for growth and self-actualisation d) Human behaviour is goal-directed and an individual is viewed as the central figure in the actualisation of his or her own potential © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 12 The correct answer is: 1) All of the above 2) (b), (c) & (d) 3) (a), (b) & (c) 4) (c) & (d) The correct answer is (1) PB p338 Maslow’s view of the person is essentially optimistic. He acknowledges the positive aspects of human nature – the person’s dignity, his or her active will to develop; and he stresses the person’s functioning as an integrated whole.’ Therefore (b) is correct. ‘Maslow believes that much human behaviour can be explained in terms of need gratification.’ Therefore (c) is correct. ‘Theoretically, it lies within every individual’s reach and requires no change in a person’s basic nature.’ Therefore (a) is correct. “Goal-directed” also refers to the goal of satisfying needs. Read the passage that follows and answer Questions 22 and 23 The petrol attendants working for the local petrol station have always felt safe and secure in their work. However, the station is now under new management. The new manager feels that the station has too many employees and is working at a loss. He has devised a plan to reduce the working days for all of them, which results In salary reductions. Over and above that, a point system has been introduced, meaning that the lower the performance points one scores, the higher the chance for one to be retrenched. This unstable situation has left them feeling very helpless and insecure, and they fear that they will lose their jobs. QUESTION 22 On which level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs are the petrol attendants' needs presently dominant? 1) Physiological needs 2) Safety needs 3) The need to belong 4) The need for self-esteem The correct answer is (2) PB p341 ‘Safety needs coming to the fore, may become dominant to such an extent that all functioning is directed towards achieving security, stability, protection, structure, law and order, limits, and freedom from fear.’ QUESTION 23 In terms of Maslow's theory, the workers' efforts to maintain high performance points, as an attempt to ensure their jobs, best describe which one of the following categories of motives? © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 13 1) Self-realisation motives/motivation 2) Growth motives/motivation 3) Deficiency motives/motivation 4) Survival motives/motivation The correct answer is (3) PB p340 ‘Maslow (1968) distinguishes between two general categories of motives, namely deficiency motives and growth motives. Deficiency motives refer to the first four levels of needs on the hierarchy, while growth motives refer to actualisation needs. Deficiency motives are directly related to the basic needs for survival, such as hunger, thirst and the need for safety, whose gratification brings about a decrease in tension.’ QUESTION 24 Nancy is a successful business woman. She is confident, at peace with herself, satisfied with her life and comfortable with whom she is. Which one of the following characteristics from Maslow's criteria for optimal functioning fits with the above scenario? 1) Exclusiveness 2) Self-acceptance 3) The democratic character structure 4) Task involvement The correct answer is (2) PB p347 ‘Just as self-actualisers observe reality more clearly, so they recognise human behaviour for what it is rather than as they would prefer it to be. They accept themselves and human nature unconditionally in the same way that children in their innocence experience the natural world without complaining that the trees are green or the stones hard (Maslow, 1970).’ QUESTION 25 Lerato was nominated the best accountant in her company. As a result of this, she was offered the position of chief accountant at one of the top companies in Cape Town. She however, turned the post down. Her reason being that she did not think she was qualified enough to handle the company's demands. In terms of Maslow's theory, do you think that Lerato will be able to reach her true potential or not? 1) Yes, this is an indication that Lerato has self-knowledge and self-insight into her own capabilities, and as such, does not want to overstretch herself 2) No, she underestimates her own abilities and talents, which will make it difficult for her to realise her true potential 3) Yes, Lerato's refusal of the job offer reflects her honesty and lack of pretence. These are important qualities necessary for one to self-actualise 4) No, she does not seem to want to develop her career and this reflects on how she handles her life demands in general. A self-actualiser needs to take risks