Part 1, History - belangrijke filosofen en theorieen.
Who Theory What
Copernicus Mechanism Heliocentric worldview (sun = centre)
Galileo Mechanism Telescope > scientific observation of stars etc.
1. Primary qualities > intrinsic , objects in itself (natural science, objective)
2. Secondary qualities > subject-dependent > someone has to perceive it. No secondary qualities without subject
(psychology science, subjective)
Difference between mental (2) and physical (1) reality requires separate domain of science psychology = about
consciousness.
Newton Mechanism Laws of nature > mathematics (F= ma)
Bacon Empiricism/ Observation is the only legitimate source of knowledge.
(1561) Positivism ‘Idols’: false ideas that could spoil your observation.
Induction is only legitimate way of science; experiment.
Knowledge is power
Which one not? :Rationally/scientific knowledge, experimental/ induction/scepticism
Descartes Mechanicist Body is mechanism as well; clockwork metaphor applies to human body.
(1596 – Dualism 1. Rationalism: knowledge from reason > mathematics, analytic, knowledge built from basic principles (axioms) to get
,1650) Interactionis to know these axioms: methodic doubt.
m 2. Mechanism: nature, body, animals are machines. (cartesianism is other word clockwork metaphor about mechanistic
worldview).
3. Dualism mind-body:
Mind/consciousness is inner space, separate from body> Cartesian theatre. But interact through pineal gland
(interactionism)
Damasio/ Descartes error: emotions are only physiological things > separate from reason (should supress them)
- Cogito, ergo sum > I think therefore I am. 1st principle of philosophy/axiom Descartes was seeking for >> Cogito starting
point for further reasoning and system building (first axiom), and secure foundation for complete system of knowledge.
- Criterion for Truth:
1. Res cogitans : het ding dat denkt
2. Res extensa: spatially extended thing (body/world).
3. God cannot deceive mathematical evidence, is perfect.
Body works as a mechanism> heart is pump etc. First one to talk about reflexes = animal spirits who move through nerve
ducts. Animal = only res extensa, not res cogitans.
- Mind-Body dualism: mind separate from body, communicating through pineal gland; consciousness makes contact with
the nervous system. Mind is immaterial self (dia page 13, c1). (interactionism)
- Cartesian Theather: mind (immaterial) is filled with ideas and those can be known by introspection (get the truth/ideas
out) > but: homunculus problem? Who coordinates this inner world/mind?
, - Scientific psychology is impossible >> quantifying is only science and > consciousness is not spatially extended, therefore
it can’t be quantified.
Not correct? Fundamental truth innate/ actual world not exist/ a priori knowledge can be trusted.
Hobbes Materialist (Like Descartes – res cogitans > mind can be explained.)
(1588-1679) Mechanicist Man and society: both a mechanism. (Mind is a product of material processes).
Determinist Mind = body > same thing, both matter.
Mind & body are one appetite and aversion is physiological, in heart and circulation >> fast = pleasant (morally right)
and obstructed = unpleasant (morally wrong). Behaviour and motivation are based on these appetites and aversions > so
even consciousness is reduced to physiological processes >> mind = body.
Materialistic framework >> laws of physics up to organism/mind/society/politics >> reductionism
Society as mechanism: social contract: every individual will optimize pleasure/pain balance > how in society? transfer
some of your rights to absolute monarch so law and order can be maintained; kind of deal/arrangement in society that
collectively optimizes everyone’s pleasure (want wetten etc worden gehandhaafd).
Psychology would be philosophy no scientific psychology.
Locke Association P - System = Experimental philosophy >> finding empirical useful knowledge to find/improve common sense.
(1632-1704) Empericism, - His basic orientations: classical liberalism: individuals are born free and equal; learning and development is important (to
Realism improve environment). Protecting freedom is most important thing >freedom itself is enough (not social contract for laws)
in society.
- Origin of knowledge > tabula rasa, knowledge is in senses (internal and external) and experience (not innate ideas).
- classifications of the contents of consciousness (dia p.7 c2)
Who Theory What
Copernicus Mechanism Heliocentric worldview (sun = centre)
Galileo Mechanism Telescope > scientific observation of stars etc.
1. Primary qualities > intrinsic , objects in itself (natural science, objective)
2. Secondary qualities > subject-dependent > someone has to perceive it. No secondary qualities without subject
(psychology science, subjective)
Difference between mental (2) and physical (1) reality requires separate domain of science psychology = about
consciousness.
Newton Mechanism Laws of nature > mathematics (F= ma)
Bacon Empiricism/ Observation is the only legitimate source of knowledge.
(1561) Positivism ‘Idols’: false ideas that could spoil your observation.
Induction is only legitimate way of science; experiment.
Knowledge is power
Which one not? :Rationally/scientific knowledge, experimental/ induction/scepticism
Descartes Mechanicist Body is mechanism as well; clockwork metaphor applies to human body.
(1596 – Dualism 1. Rationalism: knowledge from reason > mathematics, analytic, knowledge built from basic principles (axioms) to get
,1650) Interactionis to know these axioms: methodic doubt.
m 2. Mechanism: nature, body, animals are machines. (cartesianism is other word clockwork metaphor about mechanistic
worldview).
3. Dualism mind-body:
Mind/consciousness is inner space, separate from body> Cartesian theatre. But interact through pineal gland
(interactionism)
Damasio/ Descartes error: emotions are only physiological things > separate from reason (should supress them)
- Cogito, ergo sum > I think therefore I am. 1st principle of philosophy/axiom Descartes was seeking for >> Cogito starting
point for further reasoning and system building (first axiom), and secure foundation for complete system of knowledge.
- Criterion for Truth:
1. Res cogitans : het ding dat denkt
2. Res extensa: spatially extended thing (body/world).
3. God cannot deceive mathematical evidence, is perfect.
Body works as a mechanism> heart is pump etc. First one to talk about reflexes = animal spirits who move through nerve
ducts. Animal = only res extensa, not res cogitans.
- Mind-Body dualism: mind separate from body, communicating through pineal gland; consciousness makes contact with
the nervous system. Mind is immaterial self (dia page 13, c1). (interactionism)
- Cartesian Theather: mind (immaterial) is filled with ideas and those can be known by introspection (get the truth/ideas
out) > but: homunculus problem? Who coordinates this inner world/mind?
, - Scientific psychology is impossible >> quantifying is only science and > consciousness is not spatially extended, therefore
it can’t be quantified.
Not correct? Fundamental truth innate/ actual world not exist/ a priori knowledge can be trusted.
Hobbes Materialist (Like Descartes – res cogitans > mind can be explained.)
(1588-1679) Mechanicist Man and society: both a mechanism. (Mind is a product of material processes).
Determinist Mind = body > same thing, both matter.
Mind & body are one appetite and aversion is physiological, in heart and circulation >> fast = pleasant (morally right)
and obstructed = unpleasant (morally wrong). Behaviour and motivation are based on these appetites and aversions > so
even consciousness is reduced to physiological processes >> mind = body.
Materialistic framework >> laws of physics up to organism/mind/society/politics >> reductionism
Society as mechanism: social contract: every individual will optimize pleasure/pain balance > how in society? transfer
some of your rights to absolute monarch so law and order can be maintained; kind of deal/arrangement in society that
collectively optimizes everyone’s pleasure (want wetten etc worden gehandhaafd).
Psychology would be philosophy no scientific psychology.
Locke Association P - System = Experimental philosophy >> finding empirical useful knowledge to find/improve common sense.
(1632-1704) Empericism, - His basic orientations: classical liberalism: individuals are born free and equal; learning and development is important (to
Realism improve environment). Protecting freedom is most important thing >freedom itself is enough (not social contract for laws)
in society.
- Origin of knowledge > tabula rasa, knowledge is in senses (internal and external) and experience (not innate ideas).
- classifications of the contents of consciousness (dia p.7 c2)
