Unit 2 - Cell Biology
Vocabulary
2.4 Cell Structure and Function
2.4.1 The History of Cell Biology
What is a cell?
Cell is the smallest unit in life.
What did Robert Hooke discovered at 1665?
Robert Hooke looked into a thin slice of cork oak tree's bark using an early
light microscope. He described the plant cell as "a great many little
boxes" The cell that he looked into were the remains of dead plant cells.
Who is the first person to observe a living cell? What instrument did he
used?
A Dutch trader named Anton van Leeuwenhoek, he created his own
microscope which is smimple and tiny. However, the magnification was 10x
better than Hooke's.
When and what did he observed?
In 1673, Leeuwenhoek looked into the genus of Spirogyra and Vorticella.
What is the Cell Thoery?
1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of stucture and function in an organism.
3. Cells comes only from the reproduction of existing cells.
When and who contributed into creating the thoery?
1838, Matthias Schleiden
1839, Theodor Schwann
1821 - 1902, Rudolf Virchow
Timeline - History of Cell Biology
1665, Robert Hooke observes cork cells.
1827, Karl Von Baer discovers the mammalian egg.
Unit 2 - Cell Biology 1
, 1855, Rudolf Virchow adds to the cell theory.
1857, Kolliker describes mitochondria in muscle.
1897, Camillo Golgi discovers the Golgi apparatus in cells.
1996, Researchers in Scotland clone a sheep from an adult sheep cell.
2004, Tissue engineering used to grow new skin and bone transplant.
2.4.2 Introduction to Cells
What are the differences between cells?
Shape and Size
Shape
The shape of each cells reflects it's function in the organism. For example, a
skin cell compared to a nerve cell. The shape will be completely different
since the shape of the cell has evolved to allow the cell to perform its
function effectively.
Size
The size of the cell is limited by the relationship of the cell's outer surface
area to its volume.
What do all types of cell share in common?
Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, control center
Plasma membrane
The cell membrane covers the cell's surface and acts as a barrier. All
materials enter or exit through the plasma membrane.
Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is a thick solution that fills the cell.
Control Center
Nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that contains DNA. The nucleus
control the function of the eukaryotic cell. It maintain it shape with the help of
a protein skeleton called the nuclear matrix.
What are the two basic type of cells?
Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Unit 2 - Cell Biology 2
, Lack membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
The DNA is concentrated in a part of cell called the nucleoid.
2 domains: Bacteria and Archaea
Eukaryotes
Made up of one or more cells.
Have nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Have subcellular structure called organelles.
Much larger than Prokaryote cells.
What are colonies?
Colonial organism is a connected group that is filled with genetically identical
cells. Colonial organisms are not multicellular since some of the cell
activities are coordinated.
What is a "True Multicellularity"?
A group of similar cells are called tissues. Groups of tissues that perform
particular job is called organs. An organ system is a group of organs that
complete a task. A group of organ systems combined to make up an
organism.
2.4.3 Cell Organelles and Features
Plasma Membrane
The plasma membrane or cell membranes functions are to control molecules
that enter and leave the cells. It seperates internal metabolic reactions from
Unit 2 - Cell Biology 3
, the external environment. Lastly, the cell membrane allows the cell to
excrete wastes and to interact with its environment.
Membrane Lipids
The cell membrane is mostly made out of phospholipids. A phospholipid
has a head and two tails. The head is a "water-loving" (polar hydrophilic)
and two tail is "water-fearing" (nonpolar hydrophobic). A double layer is
called a phopholipid bilayer. In eukaryotes cells, in between the tails of the
phospholipid will contain lipids or sterols. The major membrane sterols in
animal cells are cholesterols. The sterols are in the cell membrane to remain
firm and prevent the membrane from
Membrane Proteins
Cell membranes usually contains a scecific proteins (integral proteins)
embedded within the lipid bilayer. For example, the receptor proteins will
extent across the plasma membrane in order to detect anvironmental signals
and transmit them inside the cell. Others (Peripheral proteins) such as
enzymes lies on one side of the membrane and is not embedded on it.
Integral proteins plays an important role in actively transporting molecules
into the cell.
Fluid Mosaic Model
Cell membranes are describe as a fluid mosaic because it behaves like a
fluid rather than a solid. The patterns, or mosaic, are the lipids and proteins
in the cell membrane that is constantly changing.
Nucleus
Nucleus
Unit 2 - Cell Biology 4
Vocabulary
2.4 Cell Structure and Function
2.4.1 The History of Cell Biology
What is a cell?
Cell is the smallest unit in life.
What did Robert Hooke discovered at 1665?
Robert Hooke looked into a thin slice of cork oak tree's bark using an early
light microscope. He described the plant cell as "a great many little
boxes" The cell that he looked into were the remains of dead plant cells.
Who is the first person to observe a living cell? What instrument did he
used?
A Dutch trader named Anton van Leeuwenhoek, he created his own
microscope which is smimple and tiny. However, the magnification was 10x
better than Hooke's.
When and what did he observed?
In 1673, Leeuwenhoek looked into the genus of Spirogyra and Vorticella.
What is the Cell Thoery?
1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of stucture and function in an organism.
3. Cells comes only from the reproduction of existing cells.
When and who contributed into creating the thoery?
1838, Matthias Schleiden
1839, Theodor Schwann
1821 - 1902, Rudolf Virchow
Timeline - History of Cell Biology
1665, Robert Hooke observes cork cells.
1827, Karl Von Baer discovers the mammalian egg.
Unit 2 - Cell Biology 1
, 1855, Rudolf Virchow adds to the cell theory.
1857, Kolliker describes mitochondria in muscle.
1897, Camillo Golgi discovers the Golgi apparatus in cells.
1996, Researchers in Scotland clone a sheep from an adult sheep cell.
2004, Tissue engineering used to grow new skin and bone transplant.
2.4.2 Introduction to Cells
What are the differences between cells?
Shape and Size
Shape
The shape of each cells reflects it's function in the organism. For example, a
skin cell compared to a nerve cell. The shape will be completely different
since the shape of the cell has evolved to allow the cell to perform its
function effectively.
Size
The size of the cell is limited by the relationship of the cell's outer surface
area to its volume.
What do all types of cell share in common?
Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, control center
Plasma membrane
The cell membrane covers the cell's surface and acts as a barrier. All
materials enter or exit through the plasma membrane.
Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is a thick solution that fills the cell.
Control Center
Nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that contains DNA. The nucleus
control the function of the eukaryotic cell. It maintain it shape with the help of
a protein skeleton called the nuclear matrix.
What are the two basic type of cells?
Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Unit 2 - Cell Biology 2
, Lack membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
The DNA is concentrated in a part of cell called the nucleoid.
2 domains: Bacteria and Archaea
Eukaryotes
Made up of one or more cells.
Have nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Have subcellular structure called organelles.
Much larger than Prokaryote cells.
What are colonies?
Colonial organism is a connected group that is filled with genetically identical
cells. Colonial organisms are not multicellular since some of the cell
activities are coordinated.
What is a "True Multicellularity"?
A group of similar cells are called tissues. Groups of tissues that perform
particular job is called organs. An organ system is a group of organs that
complete a task. A group of organ systems combined to make up an
organism.
2.4.3 Cell Organelles and Features
Plasma Membrane
The plasma membrane or cell membranes functions are to control molecules
that enter and leave the cells. It seperates internal metabolic reactions from
Unit 2 - Cell Biology 3
, the external environment. Lastly, the cell membrane allows the cell to
excrete wastes and to interact with its environment.
Membrane Lipids
The cell membrane is mostly made out of phospholipids. A phospholipid
has a head and two tails. The head is a "water-loving" (polar hydrophilic)
and two tail is "water-fearing" (nonpolar hydrophobic). A double layer is
called a phopholipid bilayer. In eukaryotes cells, in between the tails of the
phospholipid will contain lipids or sterols. The major membrane sterols in
animal cells are cholesterols. The sterols are in the cell membrane to remain
firm and prevent the membrane from
Membrane Proteins
Cell membranes usually contains a scecific proteins (integral proteins)
embedded within the lipid bilayer. For example, the receptor proteins will
extent across the plasma membrane in order to detect anvironmental signals
and transmit them inside the cell. Others (Peripheral proteins) such as
enzymes lies on one side of the membrane and is not embedded on it.
Integral proteins plays an important role in actively transporting molecules
into the cell.
Fluid Mosaic Model
Cell membranes are describe as a fluid mosaic because it behaves like a
fluid rather than a solid. The patterns, or mosaic, are the lipids and proteins
in the cell membrane that is constantly changing.
Nucleus
Nucleus
Unit 2 - Cell Biology 4
